Table 4.
Estimated intent-to-treat effects on primary outcomes after six years (at 2021 follow-up), by study arm.
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V-Only 2021 Mean |
VE Estimate |
VEH Estimate |
VEHW Estimate |
VE-VEH-VEHW Pooled Estimate |
VE Estimate: Extended Controls |
VEH Estimate: Extended Controls |
VEHW Estimate: Extended Controls |
Pooled Estimate: Extended Controls |
||
| Panel A: Full sample [n = 2023] rowhead | ||||||||||
| Ever married (=1) [n = 2022] | 0.249 | −0.057 | −0.035 | −0.016 | −0.036 | −0.104** | −0.052 | −0.046 | −0.067** | |
| 95% CI | [-0.13, 0.02] | [-0.14, 0.07] | [-0.11, 0.07] | [-0.11, 0.04] | [-0.16, −0.05] | [-0.12, 0.01] | [-0.11, 0.01] | [-0.12, −0.02] | ||
| FDR adjusted q-value | 0.346 | 0.654 | 0.991 | 0.602 | 0.002 | 0.178 | 0.319 | 0.030 | ||
| Ever pregnant (=1) [n = 2023] | 0.181 | −0.029 | −0.026 | −0.008 | −0.021 | −0.062* | −0.039† | −0.033 | −0.045* | |
| 95% CI | [-0.09, 0.03] | [-0.10, 0.05] | [-0.08, 0.06] | [-0.08, 0.04] | [-0.11, −0.01] | [-0.08, 0.01] | [-0.09, 0.02] | [-0.09, 0.00] | ||
| FDR adjusted q-value | 0.346 | 0.654 | 0.991 | 0.602 | 0.017 | 0.178 | 0.319 | 0.064 | ||
| Ever given birth (=1) [n = 2023] | 0.156 | −0.026 | −0.015 | 0.000 | −0.014 | −0.057* | −0.025 | −0.024 | −0.035† | |
| 95% CI | [-0.08, 0.03] | [-0.08, 0.05] | [-0.06, 0.06] | [-0.07, 0.04] | [-0.10, −0.01] | [-0.07, 0.02] | [-0.07, 0.03] | [-0.07, 0.00] | ||
| FDR adjusted q-value | 0.346 | 0.654 | 0.991 | 0.602 | 0.017 | 0.230 | 0.340 | 0.081 | ||
| Fertility outcomes summary index z-score [n = 2023] | 0.000 | −0.106 | −0.065 | −0.015 | −0.062 | −0.209** | −0.102 | −0.089 | −0.133* | |
| 95% CI | [-0.27, 0.06] | [-0.28, 0.15] | [-0.21, 0.18] | [-0.22, 0.10] | [-0.34, −0.08] | [-0.23, 0.02] | [-0.23, 0.05] | [-0.24, −0.02] | ||
| Panel B: Baseline out-of-school sample [n = 530, 26.2% of full sample] rowhead | ||||||||||
| Ever married (=1) [n = 530] | 0.680 | −0.307** | −0.028 | −0.157* | −0.178** | −0.308** | −0.026 | −0.159* | −0.182** | |
| 95% CI | [-0.44, −0.18] | [-0.22, 0.16] | [-0.31, −0.01] | [-0.30, −0.05] | [-0.43, −0.18] | [-0.22, 0.16] | [-0.30, −0.02] | [-0.30, −0.06] | ||
| FDR adjusted q-value | 0.001 | 0.766 | 0.123 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.781 | 0.092 | 0.011 | ||
| P-value test diff in-school | 0.000 | 0.745 | 0.056 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.711 | 0.046 | 0.012 | ||
| Ever pregnant (=1) [n = 530] | 0.520 | −0.225** | −0.046 | −0.131 | −0.143* | −0.230** | −0.055 | −0.136 | −0.151* | |
| 95% CI | [-0.37, −0.08] | [-0.20, 0.11] | [-0.29, 0.03] | [-0.28, 0.00] | [-0.37, −0.09] | [-0.21, 0.10] | [-0.30, 0.03] | [-0.29, −0.01] | ||
| FDR adjusted q-value | 0.004 | 0.766 | 0.168 | 0.069 | 0.004 | 0.781 | 0.154 | 0.056 | ||
| P-value test diff in-school | 0.002 | 0.853 | 0.129 | 0.068 | 0.002 | 0.792 | 0.123 | 0.060 | ||
| Ever given birth (=1) [n = 530] | 0.470 | −0.188* | −0.033 | −0.095 | −0.113 | −0.194** | −0.040 | −0.101 | −0.121† | |
| 95% CI | [-0.33, −0.04] | [-0.19, 0.12] | [-0.26, 0.07] | [-0.26, 0.03] | [-0.34, −0.05] | [-0.19, 0.11] | [-0.27, 0.06] | [-0.27, 0.02] | ||
| FDR adjusted q-value | 0.011 | 0.766 | 0.254 | 0.119 | 0.010 | 0.781 | 0.228 | 0.100 | ||
| P-value test diff in-school | 0.014 | 0.878 | 0.284 | 0.159 | 0.014 | 0.828 | 0.260 | 0.142 | ||
| Fertility outcomes summary index z-score [n = 530] | 0.000 | −0.582** | −0.088 | −0.295† | −0.346* | −0.590** | −0.093 | −0.305† | −0.360* | |
| 95% CI | [-0.86, −0.31] | [-0.43, 0.25] | [-0.62, 0.03] | [-0.62, −0.07] | [-0.87, −0.31] | [-0.43, 0.25] | [-0.63, 0.02] | [-0.63, −0.09] | ||
| P-value test diff in-school | 0.001 | 0.802 | 0.131 | 0.054 | 0.000 | 0.792 | 0.120 | 0.048 | ||
Notes: The 2021 follow-up was six years after the start or, equivalently, four years after the end of the program. Column 1 reports means for the V-only study arm in the 2021 follow-up and columns 2–4 the estimated ITT effects for each study arm relative to V-only. Column 5 pools all three study arms with education into a single treatment variable. Columns 6–9 report estimated ITT effects with extended controls. Numbers in square brackets indicate 95% confidence intervals (CI). Regressions estimated with robust standard errors clustered at the village level and include controls for district per the stratified design, age and outcome variable at baseline. Extended controls regressions additionally include baseline measures of in school, grade attainment, cognitive score, father ever attended school, co-residence with both parents, household wealth quintile and whether any missing baseline covariates were imputed (with the cluster median). P-value test diff in-school reports the p-value of the interaction between out-of-school at baseline and study arm using full sample. False discovery rate adjusted q-values are for the set of three primary outcomes in each sample. Results for the baseline in-school sample are shown in Appendix D. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, †p < 0.1.