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. 2022 Jan 28;9(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s40643-022-00497-4

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Fig. 11 — Schematic of betalains biosynthesis. Betalains can be subdivided into betacyanins (red–violet) and betaxanthins (yellow–orange), whereby betacyanins are formed by conjugating betalamic acid with cyclo-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cDOPA) glucoside while betaxanthins result from the condensation of betalamic acid with amino acids or amines. DOPA, dihydroxyphenylalanine