Table 3.
Typical examples for metabolic engineering of plants and microorganisms for enhanced production of anthocyanins
| Target compound | Hosts | Strategies | Substrate | Yield | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (P3G) Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) |
E. coli | Introduction of F3H, DFR, ANS and 3GT | Naringenin, eriodictyol | 5.6 μg/L, 6.0 μg/L | 2005 | Yajun et al. (2005) |
| PEG and C3G | E. coli | Gene screening, enhancement of UDP-glucose supply, culture medium pH adjustment, protein fusion | Afzelechin, catechin | 78.9 mg/L of P3G, 70.7 mg/L of C3G | 2007 | Yan et al. (2008) |
| C3G | E. coli | Improvement of catechin uptake and C3G secretion; increase of ANS and 3GT expression; enhanced intracellular availability of UDP-glucose; optimization of culture and induction conditions | Catechin | 350 mg/L | 2015 | Lim et al. (2015) |
| P3G | E. coli | Polycultures; 15 exogenous enzymes from diverse sources were divided into four E. coli strains | Glucose | 9.5 mg/L | 2017 | Jones et al. (2017) |
| C3G | E. coli | Promoter engineering for balancing ANS and 3GT expression | Catechin | 439 mg/L | 2019 | Shrestha et al. (2019) |
| Pyranoanthocyanins | E. coli | Co-culture of 4-vinylphenol or 4-vinylcatechol producing E. coli strains with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside producer recombinant E. coli | Catechin | 19.5 mg/L of pyranocyanidin-3-O-glucoside-phenol, and 13 mg/L of pyranocyanidin-3-O-glucoside-catechol | 2019 | Akdemir et al. (2019) |
| Total anthocyanin | Tomato | Expression of the Delila (Del) and Rosea1 (Ros1) genes from the snapdragon Antirrhinum majus | / | 2.83 mg/g (fresh weight) | 2008 | Butelli et al. (2008) |
| C3G |
Corynebacterium glutamicum |
Expression optimization of ANS and 3GT, improved UDP-glucose availability, process optimization | Catechin | 40 mg/L | 2018 | Zha et al. (2018) |
| P3G, C3G, and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (D3G) | S. cerevisiae | Gene screening, construction of the whole biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins from glucose | Glucose | 1–2 mg/L | 2018 | Eichenberger et al. (2018) |
| P3G | S. cerevisiae | Gene screening, genomic integration, deletion of EXG1 and SPR1, abolishing formation of phloretic acid, cultivation optimization | Glucose | 0.001 µmol/g DCW | 2018 | Levisson et al. (2018) |