Table 2. Bipolar Membrane Preparation Methodsa.
| method | CEL | AEL | water uptake (%) | thickness (μm) | membrane conductivity (mS cm–1) | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| solution casting | cation exchange resin powder and polystyrene | commercial anion exchange membrane | 52 | 1,006 | 3.29 | (100) |
| solution casting | anion exchange resin powder and polystyrene | commercial cation exchange membrane | 55 | 1,087 | 3.48 | (100) |
| solution casting | cation exchange resin powder and polyvinyl chloride; sulfonated polyether ether ketone and graphene oxide for interlayer | anion exchange resin powder and polyvinyl chloride | 40 | 212 | (104) | |
| radiation-induced grafting | sodium p-styrenesulfonate + acrylic acid/water (grafted on poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene film) | chloromethyl styrene/xylene (grafted on poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene film) | 76.1 | 86 | (107) | |
| layer-by-layer | sulfonated polyether sulfone (exfoliated nano-MoS2 as inter layer) | IONSEP-HC-A anion exchange membrane | 52.6 | 600 | 30.84 | (110) |
| hot pressing | dual-sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) | butyl-N3-substituted imidazolium-functionalized poly(arylene ether ketone) | ∼35 | 175–190 | (34) | |
| electrospinning | sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) | quaternized poly(phenylene oxide) | 45 | (111) | ||
| electrospinning | sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), polyethylene glycol as interlayer | quaternized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) | 82.3 | 15–20 | (112) |
a
CEL, cation exchange layer; AEL. anion exchange layer.