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. 2024 Mar 19;9(13):14648–14671. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05846

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Schematic diagram showing the role of SCFAs in SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and the various ways to target the SARS-CoV-2 infection in host cells. (a) SCFAs promote the downregulation of the ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2, thus reduce the chance of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in host cell. (b) By targeting the ILCs such as ILC2 and inhibiting the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, SCFAs mainly reduce the excessive inflammation in the lungs. Further, butyrate can also block the COX2/PGE2 pathway leading to reduction in Angiopoietin II-induced dysfunctions and (c) by targeting the adaptive immune cells, where SCFAs can transforms the T-Naïve cells into the Treg cells that exhibit the anti-inflammatory activity, SCFAs have role in inhibiting the proinflammatory chemokines. (ILC – Innate lymphoid cells) (Created with https://biorender.com/).