FIGURE 3.

ROS involves in the process of metabolism of activated T cell. T cells are activated when the MHC of antigen presenting cells bind to the TCR. In activated T cells, ROS at low levels stimulate the expression of NFAT and c‐myc, thereby accelerating the progression of glycolysis. This process involves the transportation of glutamate and glucose into the cytoplasm, followed by their participation in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle within the mitochondria. Conversely, heightened ROS levels hinder NFAT and c‐myc expression, resulting in glycolysis suppression. ROS can also induce the expression of other transcription factors in T cells, such as AP1 and NF‐κB, subsequently prompting cytokines release. TCR. T cell receptor; GSH, glutathione; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; ASCT2, alanine‐serine‐cysteine transporter; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; AP‐1, activator protein‐1; IL, Interleukin.