Table 3.
Between-group differences in secondary outcomes from baseline to 12 months
| Outcomes | Experimental group versus reference group | Experimental group versus control group | Reference group versus control group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aMean difference (95% CI) | P value | aMean difference (95% CI) | P value | aMean difference (95% CI) | P value | |
| Falls Efficacy Scale-International scoreb (n = 213) | 0.13 (–1.34 to 1.6) | 0.862 | –1.27 (–3.12 to 0.58) | 0.179 | –1.4 (–3.25 to 0.46) | 0.139 |
| Short Physical Performance Battery scorec (n = 213) | –0.01 (–0.33 to 0.31) | 0.963 | 0.45 (0.05 to 0.86) | 0.027* | 0.46 (0.06 to 0.86) | 0.024* |
| Five Time Sit to Stand Test, sd (n = 213) | –0.04 (–1.11 to 1.03) | 0.941 | –2.15 (–3.48 to –0.82) | 0.002* | –2.11 (–3.44 to –0.78) | 0.002* |
| Functional Reach test score, cme (n = 209) | 0.78 (–1.73 to 3.29) | 0.539 | 0.57 (–2.65 to 3.79) | 0.728 | –0.21 (–3.45 to 3.02) | 0.896 |
| Timed Up and Go Test scoref, s (n = 213) | –0.38 (–1.34 to 0.59) | 0.443 | –0.61 (–1.83 to 0.6) | 0.321 | –0.24 (–1.45 to 0.98) | 0.701 |
| Older People's Quality of Life Questionnaire-35 scoreg (n = 212) | 1.68 (–1.47 to 4.83) | 0.295 | 3.9 (–0.06 to 7.86) | 0.053 | 2.23 (–1.73 to 6.18) | 0.269 |
n = number of participants
* Bold numbers: experimental and reference group were statistically significantly better than control group with P < 0.05
aAdjusted mean differences; adjusted for baseline values of the dependent variable and risk category, age category, rural or urban
bFalls Efficacy Scale-International: higher values in the score indicate more concerns; a positive difference in the table indicates that improvement was better in the right-hand intervention; a negative difference indicates that improvement was better in the left-hand intervention (here from left to right favouring reference group, experimental group, and reference group, respectively)
cShort Physical Performance Battery: higher values in the score indicate better performance; a positive difference indicates that improvement was better in the left-hand intervention; a negative difference indicates that improvement was better in the right-hand intervention (here from left to right favouring reference group, experimental group, and reference group, respectively)
dFive Time Sit to Stand Test: lower score indicates better performance; a negative difference indicates that improvement was better in the right-hand intervention (here from left to right favouring experimental group, experimental group, and reference group, respectively)
eFunctional Reach Test score: higher score indicates better performance; a positive difference indicates that improvement was better in the left-hand intervention; a negative difference indicates that improvement was better in the right-hand intervention (here from left to right favouring experimental group, experimental group, and control group, respectively)
fTimed Up and Go Test score: lower score indicates better performance; a positive difference indicates that improvement was better in the left-hand intervention (here from left to right favouring experimental group, experimental group, and reference group, respectively)
gOlder People's Quality of Life Questionnaire-35 score: higher score indicates better quality of life; a positive difference indicates that improvement was better in the left-hand intervention; a negative difference indicates that improvement was better in the right-hand intervention (here from left to right favouring experimental group, experimental group, and reference group, respectively)