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. 2024 Apr 4;24:144. doi: 10.1186/s12906-024-04403-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Panax notoginseng saponins enhance the level of autophagy in hippocampi of SAMP8 demented mice. A Red arrows show transmission electron micrographs of damaged mitochondria, yellow arrows show autophagosomes and blue arrows show autophagosomes containing damaged mitochondria. B-C LC3 mRNA and P62 mRNA expression in mouse hippocampus, n = 9. D Western blot of autophagy-related protein LC3 in the mouse hippocampus. E LC3-II/I protein ratio in mouse hippocampus, n = 5; ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 compared with the control group, ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01 compared with the model group