Table 2.
Details of outcome measurement in included studies
| Infection Prevalence* | Clinical Malaria Incidence | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Country | Year(s) of Study | Study Design | Study Arms | Outcome Population | Timepoint(s) Outcome Measured | Outcome Diagnostic | Outcome Population | Timepoint(s) Outcome Measured | Outcome Diagnostic |
| Randomized | ||||||||||
| RACD and RDA | ||||||||||
| Bridges 202131 | Zambia | 2016–18 | cRCT | Two-arm trial comparing RDA with RACD | Children <15 years through x-sectional survey | May 2018 | PCR, RDT | Patients at 16 health facilities in study area | May 2016–May 2018 | RDT (from DHIS2 data) |
| Hsiang 202032 | Namibia | 2017 | cRCT | Four-arm trial with factorial design: RDA, reactive IRS (+RACD), RDA+reactive IRS, and RACD) | All ages in a cross- sectional survey | End of malaria season | PCR | Patients at 11 health facilities in study area | Starting 8 weeks after first intervention in cluster | RDT or microscopy |
| Vilakati 202133 | Eswatini | 2016–17 | cRCT | Two-arm trial comparing RDA with RACD | – | – | – | Patients at facilities in study area | Starting with first passively detected case in each cluster | Unspecified |
| RDA only | ||||||||||
| Eisele 2020– LOW30 | Zambia | 2015–16 | cRCT | Three-arm trial with two intervention arms (MDA and RDA) and one control arm | Children <6 years in two cross-sectio-l surveys | April/May 2014 and April/May 2015 | RDT | Patients visiting CHWs and 20 health facilities | Duration of intervention | RDT or microscopy |
| Eisele 2020– HIGH30 | Zambia | 2015–16 | cRCT | Three-arm trial with two intervention arms (MDA and RDA) and one control arm | Children <6 years in two cross-sectional surveys | April/May 2014 and April/May 2015 | RDT | Patients visiting CHWs and 20 health facilities | Duration of intervention | RDT or microscopy |
| Okebe 202134 | The Gambia | 2017–18 | cRCT | Two-arm trial comparing RDA with control* | Participants of all ages in two cross-sectional surveys | 2017 and 2018 | RDT | Patients visiting health facilities and VHWs | Duration of intervention | RDT |
| Nonrandomized | ||||||||||
| RACD only | ||||||||||
| Searle 202027 | Zambia | 2016-18 | Uncontrolled before-after | RACD only | RACD households | Days 0, 30, and 90 after RACD | PCR | – | – | – |
| Fontoura 201628 | Amazonia (Brazil) | 2013 | Controlled before-after | RACD in index/ neighbor households, no RACD in control households | RACD and control households | Days 0, 30, 60, and 180 after RACD | PCR | – | – | – |
| RDA only | ||||||||||
| Quispe 201829 | Peru | 2009–10 | NRS (quasi- experimental with control) | Comparison of districts with RDA vs. districts with no RDA | – | – | – | Patients in the health system in study area | Duration of intervention | Unspecified |
CHW = community health worker; cRCT = cluster randomized-controlled trial; DHIS2 = District Health Information Software 2; MDA = mass drug administration; NRS = nonrandomized study; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; Pf = Plasmodium falciparum; Pv = Plasmodium vivax; RACD = reactive case detection; RDA = reactive drug administration; RDT = rapid diagnostic test; VHW = village health worker.
*
The only studies measuring infection incidence were Eisele 2020 HIGH and Eisele 2020 LOW; these studies used a cohort of participants aged 3 months or older over 18 months (January 2015 to May 2016) and monthly PCR for infection detection.