Table 3.
Summary of Hierarchical Regression Coefficients of depressive symptoms among protestors by demographics, violence exposure and potentially moral injurious events (N = 4352).
| Outcome measures | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor variables | PTSS | Depressive symptoms | ||||
| B | t | β | B | t | β | |
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Gender | .58 | 2.66 | .05** | .56 | 7.45 | .14*** |
| Age (years) | .01 | 2.28 | .04* | .00 | −1.87 | −.03 |
| SES | −.20 | −2.57 | −.04* | −.04 | −1.45 | −.03 |
| R2 (ΔR2), Fchange | .01 (.01), Fchange = 6.96, p < .001 | .02 (.02), Fchange = 23.43, p < .001 | ||||
| Step 2 | ||||||
| Involvement duration (in months) | .16 | 2.65 | .05** | .05 | 2.17 | .04* |
| Amount of active involvement (demonstrations per month) | .14 | 6.27 | .12*** | .03 | 3.67 | .07*** |
| R2 (ΔR2), Fchange | .03 (.02), Fchange = 31.92, p < .001 | .03 (.01), Fchange = 12.68, p < .001 | ||||
| Step 3 | ||||||
| Exposure to violence in protests | .53 | 8.38 | .19*** | .10 | 4.38 | .10*** |
| Witnessed violence in protests | .24 | 6.07 | .14*** | .05 | 3.43 | .14*** |
| R2 (ΔR2), Fchange | .10 (.07), Fchange = 108.28, p < .001 | .05 (.02), Fchange = 34.45, p < .001 | ||||
| Step 4 | ||||||
| PMIE-Self | .11 | 4.92 | .09*** | .04 | 4.63 | .08*** |
| PMIE-Other | .17 | 4.33 | .08*** | .03 | 2.52 | .05*** |
| PMIE-Betrayal | .31 | 12.92 | .23*** | .09 | 10.37 | .19*** |
| R2 (ΔR2), Fchange | .18 (.08), Fchange = 87.51, p < .001 | .11 (.06), Fchange = 60.07, p < .001 | ||||
Note: *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001; PMIE = potentially morally injurious event.