Table 3.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population by age category and by clinical severity
| Characteristic | Age <60 (n = 810) | Age ≥ 60 (n = 282) | P-Value | Patients Admitted to Medical Ward (n = 962) | Patients Admitted to ICU and/or Death during Hospitalization (patients with clinical severity) (n = 134) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 481 (59.5) [808] | 187 (66.6) | 0.04 | 543 (59.5) | 94 (71.8) | 0.007 |
| Sex ratio | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.5 | ||
| Age, median (IQR) | 42.0 (32.0–51.0) | 66.0 (63.0–71.0) | <0.001 | 46.0 (35.0–58.0) [910] | 61.0 (54.0–69.0) [133] | <0.001 |
| Underlying comorbidities, n (%) | 341 (42.1) | 207 (73.4) | <0.001 | 428 (46.9) | 101 (75.4) | <0.001 |
| CVD including HTN | 188 (23.2) | 159 (56.4) | <0.001 | 262 (28.7) | 78 (58.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 169 (20.9) | 97 (34.4) | <0.001 | 211 (23.1) | 45 (33.6) | 0.008 |
| Chronic lung disease | 43 (5.3) | 25 (8.9) | 0.03 | 58 (6.4) | 8 (6.0) | 0.87 |
| Renal disease | 20 (2.5) | 11 (3.9) | 0.21 | 22 (2.4) | 8 (6.0) | 0.02 |
| Liver disease | 8 (1.0) | 4 (1.4) | 0.52 | 9 (1.0) | 2 (1.5) | 0.64 |
| Immuno-deficiency and HIV | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | 0.99 | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.99 |
| Malignancy | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.7) | 0.28 | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.8) | 0.42 |
| Symptoms at admission, n (%) | ||||||
| Fever | 594 (73.3) | 214 (75.9) | 0.40 | 666 (73.0) | 119 (88.8) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 522 (64.4) | 209 (74.1) | 0.003 | 588 (64.4) | 113 (84.3) | <0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 356 (44.0) | 170 (60.3) | <0.001 | 402 (44.0) | 104 (77.6) | <0.001 |
| Weakness | 296 (36.5) | 144 (51.1) | <0.001 | 339 (37.1) | 88 (65.7) | <0.001 |
| Pain | 272 (33.6) | 116 (41.1) | 0.02 | 301 (33.0) | 77 (57.5) | <0.001 |
| Chest pain | 130 (16.1) | 74 (26.2) | <0.001 | 160 (17.5) | 39 (29.1) | 0.001 |
| Myalgia | 144 (17.8) | 55 (19.5) | 0.52 | 143 (15.7) | 49 (36.6) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 43 (5.3) | 11 (3.9) | 0.35 | 46 (5.0) | 8 (6.0) | 0.65 |
| Joint pain | 37 (4.6) | 10 (3.6) | 0.47 | 38 (4.2) | 6 (4.5) | 0.87 |
| Headache | 238 (29.4) | 80 (28.4) | 0.75 | 253 (27.7) | 54 (40.3) | 0.003 |
| Anosmia | 191 (23.6) | 63 (22.4) [281] | 0.69 | 213 (23.4) [912] | 32 (23.9) | 0.89 |
| Sore throat | 178 (22.0) | 57 (20.2) | 0.54 | 205 (22.5) | 19 (14.2) | 0.03 |
| Runny nose | 141 (17.4) | 31 (11.0) | 0.01 | 141 (15.4) | 21 (15.7) | 0.95 |
| Ageusia | 113 (14.0) [806] | 53 (18.8) | 0.06 | 146 (16.0) [911] | 18 (13.4) | 0.44 |
| Diarrhea | 124 (15.3) | 34 (12.1) | 0.18 | 131 (14.4) | 23 (17.2) | 0.39 |
| Nausea | 76 (9.4) | 29 (10.3) | 0.66 | 87 (9.5) | 15 (11.2) | 0.54 |
| Conjunctivitis | 30 (3.7) | 6 (2.1) | 0.20 | 29 (3.2) | 6 (4.5) | 0.43 |
| Confusion | 24 (3.0) | 8 (2.8) | 0.91 | 21 (2.3) | 9 (6.7) | 0.004 |
| Major symptoms | 42 (5.2) | 3 (1.1) | 0.003 | 870 (95.3) | 133 (99.3) | 0.03 |
| Minor symptoms | 768 (94.8) | 279 (98.9) | 0.003 | 43 (4.7) | 1 (0.8) | 0.03 |
| Median temp. at admission, °C (IQR) | 37.8 (36.9–38.8) [575] | 37.8 (37.0–38.8) [205] | 0.97 | 37.8 (37.0–38.8) [626] | 38.0 (36.9–38.9) [114] | 0.22 |
| Imaging test, n (%) | ||||||
| Had a lung x-ray | 290 (35.8) | 158 (56.0) | <0.001 | 362 (39.7) | 68 (50.8) | 0.01 |
| Lung x-ray abnormal finding | 223 (77.2) [289] | 139 (88.0) | 0.004 | 280 (77.3) | 66 (97.1) | <0.001 |
| Clinical severity, n (%) | 58 (7.5) [770] | 73 (26.9) [271] | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 132 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Admission to ICU, n (%) | 40 (5.2) [770] | 36 (13.3) [271] | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 77 (58.3) | <0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 27 (3.3) | 49 (17.4) | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 76 (56.7) | <0.001 |
| Median age of death (years) (IQR) | 50.0 (38.0–55.0) | 69.0 (65.0–74.0) | <0.001 | NA | 64.5 (54.5–70.5) | NA |
| Median delay between symptom onset and hospital admission (days) (IQR) | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) [691] | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) [218] | 0.14 | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) [781] | 8.0 (5.0–9.0) [114] | 0.31 |
| Median duration of symptoms (IQR) | 18.0 (12.0–25.0) [459] | 20.0 (15.0–28.0) [152] | 0.004 | 19.0 (13.0–26.0) [530] | 22.0 (11.0–32.0) [59] | 0.20 |
| Median duration of hospitalization (IQR) | 15.0 (9.0–21.0) [698] | 14.0 (8.0–20.0) [227] | 0.47 | 15.0 (9.0–20.0) [793] | 10.0 (5.0–21.0) [114] | 0.01 |
CVD = cardiovascular disease; HTN = hypertension; ICU = intensive care unit; NA = not available; temp = temperature.
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated median and interquartile ranges are indicated as median (IQR) when applicable. Data in square brackets indicate number of data available for the variable. If no square brackets, there are no missing data for the variable. Minor symptoms: headache, anosmia, ageusia, sore throat, runny nose, diarrhea, nausea, conjunctivitis. Major symptoms: fever, cough, dyspnea, pain, weakness, confusion.