. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 4.

Published in final edited form as: CHEST Crit Care. 2024 Jan 9;2(1):100047. doi: 10.1016/j.chstcc.2024.100047

TABLE 5.

Association Between Admission to Hospitals Using Predominantly Opioids and Propofol for Analgesia and Sedation (vs Hospitals Using Opioids and Benzodiazepines) and Outcomes in Sensitivity Analyses

Outcome	Adjusted β-Coefficient or OR (95% CI)	P Value

Adjusted models using complete cases only
Duration of MV with POD, d	−6.4 (−13.1 to 0.3)^a,b	.06
Hospital LOS with POD, d	−8.7 (−17.8 to 0.4)^a,b	.06
ICU length of stay with POD, d	−6.1 (−13 to 0.9)^a,b	.09
Mortality	0.4 (0.2–1.2)^a,c	.1
Adjusted models including all hospital-level covariates and using multiple imputation to address missing values
Duration of MV with POD, d	−3.9 (−9.8 to 2.0)^b,d	.19
Hospital LOS with POD, d	−7.0 (−15.0 to 0.9)^b,d	.08
ICU LOS with POD, d	−4.4 (−10.4 to 1.7)^b,d	.16
Mortality	0.4 (0.2–0.98)^a,c	.04

LOS = length of stay; MV = mechanical ventilation; POD = placement of death.

Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race or ethnicity), BMI, preexisting comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity score, alcohol misuse disorder, substance misuse disorder), maximum Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, initial ventilator mode, additional therapies (use of neuromuscular blockade, prone positioning, inhaled pulmonary vasodilators), pandemic timing during hospitalization, and facility factors (hospital site location, lack of hospital resources during hospitalization).

β-coefficient.

OR.

Adjusted for all covariates detailed in the table, as well as additional facility factors of ICU type, ICU nursing to patient ratio, total ICU beds, and presence of trainees (residents or fellows in the ICU).