Table 1. The clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Preventive scaling | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | p-value | |
| (n = 437,825) | (n = 105,966) | ||
| Age groups | < 0.0001 | ||
| < 40 | 104,807 (23.94) | 32,009 (30.21) | |
| 40–64 | 254,166 (58.05) | 64,829 (61.18) | |
| ≥ 65 | 78,852 (18.01) | 9,128 (8.61) | |
| Age, years | 50.29±14.91 | 46.34±13.11 | < 0.0001 |
| Sex | < 0.0001 | ||
| Male | 218,627 (49.93) | 50,933 (48.07) | |
| Female | 219,198 (50.07) | 55,033 (51.93) | |
| Income, Lower 20% | 75,137 (17.16) | 15,766 (14.88) | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) Level | < 0.0001 | ||
| < 18.5 | 16,597 (3.79) | 4,272 (4.03) | |
| < 23` | 162,913 (37.21) | 42,992 (40.57) | |
| < 25 | 103,212 (23.57) | 24,860 (23.46) | |
| < 30 | 132,631 (30.29) | 29,530 (27.87) | |
| ≥ 30 | 22,472 (5.13) | 4,312 (4.07) | |
| Smoking | < 0.0001 | ||
| Non | 271,372 (61.98) | 67,852 (64.03) | |
| Ex | 67,259 (15.36) | 17,808 (16.81) | |
| Current | 99,194 (22.66) | 20,306 (19.16) | |
| Drinking | < 0.0001 | ||
| Non | 231,298 (52.83) | 52,953 (49.97) | |
| Mild | 172,676 (39.44) | 45,839 (43.26) | |
| Heavy | 33,851 (7.73) | 7,174 (6.77) | |
| Regular exercise | 83,472 (19.07) | 22,762 (21.48) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 51,868 (11.85) | 8,269 (7.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 128,111 (29.26) | 22,076 (20.83) | < 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 113,820 (26) | 24,358 (22.99) | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.65±15 | 119.87±14.07 | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.12±10.03 | 74.86±9.77 | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 100.37±25.79 | 97.29±20.83 | < 0.0001 |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 194.63±37.94 | 194.72±36.92 | 0.4936 |
| HDL -C, mg/dL | 55.83±15.38 | 57.07±16.07 | < 0.0001 |
| LDL -C, mg/dL | 113.61±35.66 | 113.91±34.41 | 0.0115 |
| Height, cm | 163.53±94 | 164.57±8.89 | < 0.0001 |
| Weight, kg | 64.34±12.46 | 64.37±12.35 | 0.4566 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.95±3.48 | 23.64±3.35 | < 0.0001 |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 80.87±9.68 | 79.62±9.66 | < 0.0001 |
Data are presented as frequencies (%) in categorical variables and means ± standard deviation (SD) in continuous variables.
P-values were obtained by an independent t-test for continuous variables or a chi-square test of categorical variables. P< 0.05 is statistically significant.
HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol