Table 3.

Clinical studies of mesoglycan in patients with hemorrhoidal disease

References	Study design	Patient type	N	Mesoglycan treatment	Study duration	Main outcomes
Saggioro et al. [76]	Prospective, randomized, OL	Acute grade II and III HD	71 (36 mesoglycan, 35 bilberry extract)	24 mg TID PO	28 days	Significantly greater reductions in severity of pain, sensation of pressure, pruritus, edema, inflammation, and rectal bleeding with mesoglycan vs bilberry extract
Gallo et al. [20]	Prospective, Pilot	After excisional hemorrhoidectomy in grade III and IV HD	101 (54 mesoglycan, 47 standard carea)	30 mg/day IM for 5 days, then 50 mg BID PO for 30 days	40 days	Mesoglycan significantly reduced pain during rectal examination (p = 0.033) and time to return to work/normal activities (p = 0.009) vs standard carea; significantly (p < 0.001) lower rate of thrombosis on postoperative days 7–10 with mesoglycan vs standard carea
Gallo et al. [19]	Retrospective	After excisional hemorrhoidectomy in grade III and IV HD	398 (206 mesoglycan, 192 standard carea)	30 mg/day IM for 5 days, then 50 mg BID PO for 30 days	6 weeks	Mesoglycan significantly reduced pain at rest (all p < 0.0001), after defecation (all p < 0.0001) and during examination (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.003, respectively) vs standard carea after 1, 3, and 6 weeks; mesoglycan significantly improved postoperative activities, autonomy, driving, and return to work vs standard carea after 1 (p = 0.016), 3 (p = 0.002) and 6 (p = 0.007) weeks

BID twice daily, HD hemorrhoidal disease, IM intramuscular, OL open label, PO orally, TID three times daily

^aOral dose of ketorolac 10 mg every 4–6 h, not exceeding 40 mg/day and not exceeding 5 days + stool softeners