Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the included studies
| Author (year) | Study type | Sample size | Sex (M/F) | Mean age/age range (years) | Ethnicity | Skeletal discrepancy | Asymmetry criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wong (2005) | Computational | 1 | F | 17 | Asian | Class III | n/r |
| Hartmann (2007) | Computational | n/r | n/r | n/r | Caucasian | n/r | n/r |
| AlHadidi (2011) | Observational | 50 | n/r | n/r | Caucasian | n/r |
Chin > 2 mm Presence of cant of occlusal plane |
| Kim (2011) | Retrospective | 102 | F | 21.551 ± 2.644/ 20–29 | Asian | Class III | n/r |
| Baek (2012) | Retrospective |
43 9, Class I 4, Class II 30, Class III |
18/25 | 24.3 ± 4.4 | Asian | Class I, Class II, Class III | n/r |
| Damstra (2012) | Observational |
14 skulls 5, Asymmetry 9, Symmetry |
n/r | n/r | Caucasian | n/r | Me > 4 mm |
| Berssenbrügge (2014) | Computational | 50 faces | 22 / 28 | 20–32 | Caucasian | n/r | n/r |
| Wong (2014) | Retrospective | 20 | 13 / 7 | 24.3 | Asian | Condylar hyperplasia/hypoplasia; Hemifacial microsomia; Condylar tumour; Trauma related | Me > 4 mm/ 4° |
| Gateno (2015) | Experimental | 1 | M | n/r | Caucasian | n/r | n/r |
| Kim (2015) | Retrospective | 24 | 12 / 12 | 22.5/ 18.2–29.7 | Asian | n/r |
Normal, 0 mm ≤ Me < 2 mm Mild, 2 mm ≤ Me < 4 mm Moderate, 4 mm ≤ Me < 8 mm Severe, 8 mm ≤ Me |
| Ryu (2015) | Observational | 85 | Asian | Class III |
Me < 2 mm Me > 3 mm |
||
| 30, Control | 15/15 | 24.30 ± 4.14 | |||||
| 55, Asymmetry: | |||||||
|
Hyperdivergent Hypodivergent |
13/15 15/12 |
26.34 ± 3.14 28.96 ± 5.27 |
|||||
| Lee (2016) | Retrospective | 35 | Asian | n/r |
Me < 2 mm Me ≥ 4 mm |
||
| 15, Symmetry | 7/8 | 22.3 ± 3.3 | |||||
| 20, Asymmetry | 12/8 | 21.9 ± 3.4 | |||||
| Shin (2016) | Retrospective | 69 | 36 / 33 | 23.0 ± 4.1 | Asian | Me > 3.6 ± 2.3 mm | |
| 10, Class I | 4 / 6 |
M, 22.9 ± 4.1 F, 23.0 ± 4.2 |
Class I, | ||||
| 12, Class II | 5 / 7 | Class II | |||||
| 47, Class III | 24 / 23 | Class III | |||||
| Song (2016) | Retrospective | 29 | Asian | Class III | Me > 4 mm | ||
| 16, CS | 10/6 | 21.8 ± 2.2 | |||||
| 13, POGS | 5/8 | 21.2 ± 4.3 | |||||
| Sangln An (2017) | Observational | 30 | n/r | 25.7 ± 6.03/19–43 | Asian | n/r | n/r |
| Dobai (2018) | Retrospective | 60 | Caucasian | n/r | n/r | ||
| 30, Group I | 11 / 19 | 18–30 | |||||
| 30, Group II | 12/ 18 | 20–28 | |||||
| Economou (2018) | Observational | 21 | 7/14 | 13.5 | Caucasian | Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | n/r |
| Jajoo (2018) | Computational | 20 CT skull models | n/r | n/r | Caucasian | Horizontal/ Vertical condylar hyperplasia; Type 1/ Type 2 Hemifacial microsomia | n/r |
| Oh (2018) | Retrospective | 60 | Asian | Me > 2º | |||
| 30, Asymmetry | 15/15 | 23.2 ± 3.8 | Class I, Class III | ||||
| 30, Symmetry | 13/17 | 24.6 ± 3.2 | Class I, Class III | ||||
| Thiesen (2018) | Retrospective | 120 | 41/79 | 30.58 ± 9.46/ 19–57 | Caucasian | Class I | |
| 40, Relative asymmetry | 10/30 | 31.10 ± 9.89/ 19–51 | Gn < 2 mm | ||||
| 40, Moderate asymmetry | 15/25 | 30.57 ± 9.32/ 19–51 | Gn = 2–4 mm | ||||
| 40, Severe asymmetry | 16/24 | 30.05 ± 9.35/19–57 | Gn > 4 mm | ||||
| Udomlarptham (2018) | Retrospective | 37 | 15/22 | 25.76 ± 7.14 | Asian | Class III | Me > 4 mm |
| Wong (2018) | Retrospective | 59 | n/r | n/r | Asian | n/r | Me > 4 mm / 4° |
| Zhang (2018) | Retrospective |
12 6, Asymmetry 6, Symmetry |
n/r | n/r | Asian | n/r | Me and Pog > 4 mm |
| Zheng (2018) | Experimental | 30 | 14 / 16 | 18–34 | Asian | n/r | Soft tissue chin > 1 mm |
| Choi (2019) | Retrospective |
40 4, Class I 3, Class II 33, Class III |
18/22 | 25.5, 19–42 | Asian | Class I, Class II, Class III | n/r |
| Kwon (2019) | Retrospective | 46 | 27/19 | 22 ± 4.8 | Asian | Class III | Me > 4 mm |
| Tan (2019) | Computational | 10 | n/r | 20–75 | Asian | n/r | n/r |
| Vernucci (2019) | Retrospective |
15 7, Symmetry 8, Asymmetry |
6/9 | 16–52 | Caucasian | Class I, Class III, Condylar hyperplasia, Hemifacial microsomia | n/r |
| Han (2020) | Experimental | 29 | 15 / 14 | 23.1 ± 6.9 | Asian | Class III | Me > 4 mm |
| Lee (2020) | Observational | 43 | 21 / 22 | 23.0 ± 8.20 | Asian | ||
| 10, Group 1 | 4 / 6 | 24.1 ± 10.14 | Class I | Me < 2 mm | |||
| 11, Group 2 | 5 / 6 | 22.3 ± 7.50 | Class III | Me < 2 mm | |||
| 9, Group 3 | 5/4 | 23.2 ± 5.19 | Class III | 2 mm < Me < 4 mm | |||
| 13, Group 4 | 7 / 6 | 22.6 ± 9.58 | Class III | Me ≥ 4 mm | |||
| Ortún-Terrazas (2020) | Computational | 20 | 9 / 11 |
M, 7.9 F, 8.2 |
Caucasian | Unilateral crossbite | Minor < 0.3 mm; Moderate: malformations either in maxilla / mandible; Marked: maxillary and mandibular deformities + pronounced effect in the superficial soft tissue |
| Zhu (2020) | Computational | 15 | n/r | n/r | Asian | n/r | Me > 3 mm |
| Jo (2021) | Retrospective | 38 | Asian | n/r | Me > 4 mm | ||
| 23, PBO | 9/14 | 22.57 ± 4.97/ 17–37 | |||||
| 15, Grinding | 9/6 | 21.80 ± 4.89/ 18–38 | |||||
| Lv (2021) | Prospective | 75 | 18–35 | Asian | Class I, Class II | ||
| 25, Class I symmetry | 6/19 | 23.46 ± 3.99 | Gn < 2 mm | ||||
| 25, Class II symmetry | 3/22 | 25.57 ± 4.55 | |||||
| 25. Class II asymmetry | 5/20 | 25.08 ± 3.59 | Gn > 4 mm | ||||
| Mangal (2021) | Retrospective | 34 | 19/15 | 22.38 ± 5.20 /18–47 | Asian | Class III | Me > 4 mm |
| Teng (2021) | Prospective | 122 | n/r | n/r | Asian | n/r | |
|
80, Asymmetry 42, Control |
Chin > 2 mm | ||||||
| Teng (2021) | Prospective | 40 | n/r | Asian | High angle Class III | ||
| 20, Experimental | 22.10 ± 3.01/ 18–28 | Me > 2 mm | |||||
| 20, Control | 24.10 ± 3.45/ 18–32 | ||||||
| Ajmera (2022) | Retrospective | 42 | Asian | Class III | |||
| 21, Asymmetry | 7/14 | 23.0 ± 3.4 | Chin > 3 mm | ||||
| 21, Control | 7/14 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | |||||
| Feng (2022) | Retrospective | 60 | n/r | Asian | n/r | ||
| 30, Symmetry | 26/ 20–32 | Me < 2 mm | |||||
| 30, Asymmetry | 24.7/ 19–30 | Me > 4 mm | |||||
| Grissom (2022) | Ambispective | 54 | n/r | n/r | Caucasian | Goldenhar syndrome, Hemifacial microsomia, Mandibular hyperplasia, Mandibular hypoplasia, Unilateral condylar hyperplasia, Unilateral condylar destruction, Positional plagiocephaly, Juvenile arthritis | Chin > 4 mm |
| Hsiao (2022) | Computational | 20 | 7/13 | 20–44 | Asian | Craniofacial dysplasia | n/r |
| Ajmera (2023) | Retrospective | 42 | Asian | Class III | |||
| 21, Asymmetry | 7/14 | 23.0 ± 3.4 | Chin > 3 mm | ||||
| 21, Control | 7/14 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | n |
Me Menton, Pog Pogonion, Gn Gonion, M Male, F Female