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. 2024 Apr 5;14:7983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-57934-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distribution of the gut microbial community using different dimension reduction methods. (a) principal component analysis (PCA), (b) PCA on the centered log-ratio (CLR) transformed abundance matrix, (c, d) principal coordinate analysis with the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (BCD) and the UniFrac distance, (e) non-negative matrix factorization, (f–h) non-metric multidimensional scaling with the Jensen-Shannon distance, BCD, and UniFrac distance. The top panel shows the top 1 (x-axis) and 2 (y-axis) composite variables, while the bottom panel shows the top 1 (x-axis) and 3 (y-axis) composite variables. The colour of the point indicates the log-transformed P/B ratio.