Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| All | Survival | All-cause death | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 2,480 | 1822 | 658 | |
| Age, years | 64.0 (51.0–74.0) | 60.0 (46.0–69.0) | 75.0 (66.0–80.0) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 1,176 (47.4) | 811 (44.5) | 365 (55.5) | |
| Female | 1,304 (52.6) | 1,011 (55.5) | 293 (44.5) | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 369 (14.9) | 288 (15.8) | 81 (12.3) | |
| Other Hispanic | 42 (1.7) | 35 (1.9) | 7 (1.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,404 (56.6) | 973 (53.4) | 431 (65.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 583 (23.5) | 456 (25.0) | 127 (19.3) | |
| Other race | 82 (3.3) | 70 (3.8) | 12 (1.8) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | |||
| <High school | 747 (30.1) | 494 (27.1) | 253 (38.4) | |
| High school graduate or general equivalency diploma | 680 (27.4) | 501 (27.5) | 179 (27.2) | |
| >High school | 1,052 (42.4) | 827 (45.4) | 225 (34.2) | |
| Unknown | 1(0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | <0.001 | |||
| ≤1 | 372 (15.0) | 266 (14.6) | 106 (16.1) | |
| 1–3 | 1,094 (44.1) | 745 (40.9) | 349 (53.0) | |
| >3 | 898 (36.2) | 735 (40.3) | 163 (24.8) | |
| Unknown | 116 (4.7) | 76 (4.2) | 40 (6.1) | |
| Alcohol use | 0.278 | |||
| No | 955 (38.5) | 690 (37.9) | 265 (40.3) | |
| Yes | 1,525 (61.5) | 1,132 (62.1) | 393 (59.7) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,176 (47.4) | 931 (51.1) | 245 (37.2) | |
| Yes | 1,304 (52.6) | 891 (48.9) | 413 (62.8) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.024 | |||
| No | 1,273 (51.3) | 960 (52.7) | 313 (47.6) | |
| Yes | 1,207 (48.7) | 862 (47.3) | 345 (52.4) | |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1968 (79.4) | 1,497 (82.2) | 471 (71.6) | |
| Yes | 512 (20.6) | 325 (17.8) | 187 (28.4) | |
| Cardiovascular Disease | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1972 (79.5) | 1,563 (85.8) | 409 (62.2) | |
| Yes | 508 (20.5) | 259 (14.2) | 249 (37.8) | |
| Stroke | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,264 (91.3) | 1725 (94.7) | 539 (81.9) | |
| Yes | 216 (8.7) | 97 (5.3) | 119 (18.1) | |
| Lung Disease | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1969 (79.4) | 1,483 (81.4) | 486 (73.9) | |
| Yes | 511 (20.6) | 339 (18.6) | 172 (26.1) | |
| Liver Condition | 0.902 | |||
| No | 2,380 (96.0) | 1748 (95.9) | 632 (96.0) | |
| Yes | 100 (4.0) | 74 (4.1) | 26 (4.0) | |
| Failing Kidneys | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,348 (94.7) | 1762 (96.7) | 586 (89.1) | |
| Yes | 132 (5.3) | 60 (3.3) | 72 (10.9) | |
| Apple intake | <0.001 | |||
| <1 times/month | 953 (38.4) | 670 (36.8) | 283 (43.0) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 603 (24.3) | 466 (25.6) | 137 (20.8) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 423 (17.1) | 317 (17.4) | 106 (16.1) | |
| 3–6 times/week | 341 (13.8) | 268 (14.7) | 73 (11.1) | |
| ≥1 times/day | 101 (4.1) | 66 (3.6) | 35 (5.3) | |
| Unknow | 59 (2.4) | 35 (1.9) | 24 (3.6) | |
| Banana intake | <0.001 | |||
| <1 times/month | 532 (21.5) | 401 (22.0) | 131 (19.9) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 500 (20.2) | 392 (21.5) | 108 (16.4) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 508 (20.5) | 385 (21.1) | 123 (18.7) | |
| 3–6 times/week | 592 (23.9) | 429 (23.5) | 163 (24.8) | |
| ≥1 times/day | 296 (11.9) | 183 (10.0) | 113 (17.2) | |
| Unknow | 52 (2.1) | 32 (1.8) | 20 (3.0) | |
| Pear intake | 0.689 | |||
| <1 times/month | 1,571 (63.3) | 1,165 (63.9) | 406 (61.7) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 498 (20.1) | 367 (20.1) | 131 (19.9) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 248 (10.0) | 177 (9.7) | 71 (10.8) | |
| 3–6 times/week | 85 (3.4) | 61 (3.3) | 24 (3.6) | |
| ≥1 times/day | 23 (0.9) | 16 (0.9) | 7 (1.1) | |
| Unknow | 55 (2.2) | 36 (2.0) | 19 (2.9) | |
| Pineapple intake | 0.761 | |||
| <1 times/month | 1722 (69.4) | 1,260 (69.2) | 462 (70.2) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 500 (20.2) | 378 (20.7) | 122 (18.5) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 151 (6.1) | 110 (6.0) | 41 (6.2) | |
| 3–6 times/week | 43 (1.7) | 30 (1.6) | 13 (2.0) | |
| ≥1 times/day | 12 (0.5) | 9 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) | |
| Unknow | 52 (2.1) | 35 (1.9) | 17 (2.6) | |
| Grape intake | 0.073 | |||
| <1 times/month | 1,074 (43.3) | 758 (41.6) | 316 (48.0) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 766 (30.9) | 580 (31.8) | 186 (28.3) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 359 (14.5) | 273 (15.0) | 86 (13.1) | |
| 3–6 times/week | 170 (6.9) | 131 (7.2) | 39 (5.9) | |
| ≥1 times/day | 44 (1.8) | 34 (1.9) | 10 (1.5) | |
| Unknow | 67 (2.7) | 46 (2.5) | 21 (3.2) | |
Continuous variables are presented as the median (Q1, Q3), and categorical variables are summarized as numbers (%). Differences in baseline characteristics were compared with the chi-square test for categorical variables and rank sum test for continuous variables. Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile.