TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics. Patient demographics and characteristics.
| Calendar year | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Total | Obs | p‐value | ||||||
| Patients per year | 6220 | 6270 | 6105 | 5040 | 23,635 | |||||||
| % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | |||
| Covid‐19 | ||||||||||||
| No Covid | 100.00 | (0.00) | 100.00 | (0.00) | 100.00 | (0.00) | 74.01 | (1.48) | 94.46 | (0.41) | 22,325 | 0.000 |
| COVID‐19 Infection | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 25.99 | (1.48) | 5.54 | (0.41) | 1310 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,635 | ||||||
| Indicator of sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 70.34 | (1.27) | 71.45 | (1.30) | 69.70 | (1.30) | 70.73 | (1.36) | 70.55 | (0.65) | 16,675 | 0.803 |
| Female | 29.66 | (1.27) | 28.55 | (1.30) | 30.30 | (1.30) | 29.27 | (1.36) | 29.45 | (0.65) | 6960 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,635 | ||||||
| Race (uniform) | ||||||||||||
| White | 64.98 | (1.65) | 64.08 | (1.69) | 64.38 | (1.65) | 66.57 | (1.74) | 64.92 | (0.83) | 14,965 | 0.072 |
| Black | 17.51 | (1.30) | 18.37 | (1.32) | 22.38 | (1.41) | 20.77 | (1.47) | 19.70 | (0.68) | 4540 | |
| Hispanic | 10.95 | (1.00) | 11.27 | (1.14) | 8.63 | (0.88) | 8.61 | (0.95) | 9.93 | (0.50) | 2290 | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2.16 | (0.43) | 2.12 | (0.46) | 1.59 | (0.36) | 1.32 | (0.39) | 1.82 | (0.21) | 420 | |
| Native American | 0.83 | (0.29) | 0.41 | (0.18) | 0.59 | (0.25) | 0.41 | (0.20) | 0.56 | (0.12) | 130 | |
| Other | 3.57 | (0.58) | 3.76 | (0.57) | 2.43 | (0.43) | 2.33 | (0.51) | 3.06 | (0.27) | 705 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,050 | ||||||
| Insurance carrier, cleaned | ||||||||||||
| Medicare | 73.32 | (1.33) | 73.62 | (1.29) | 72.21 | (1.36) | 70.39 | (1.51) | 72.49 | (0.68) | 16,735 | 0.524 |
| Medicaid | 9.28 | (0.91) | 9.98 | (0.85) | 8.48 | (0.79) | 11.07 | (1.05) | 9.64 | (0.44) | 2225 | |
| Private insurance | 15.27 | (1.07) | 14.61 | (1.09) | 17.21 | (1.19) | 16.70 | (1.22) | 15.90 | (0.57) | 3670 | |
| Self‐pay | 2.13 | (0.42) | 1.79 | (0.40) | 2.10 | (0.43) | 1.84 | (0.45) | 1.97 | (0.21) | 455 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,085 | ||||||
| Median household income national quartile for patient ZIP Code | ||||||||||||
| 0–25th percentile | 31.09 | (1.53) | 30.65 | (1.54) | 31.29 | (1.50) | 33.80 | (1.71) | 31.61 | (0.77) | 7345 | 0.664 |
| 26th to 50th percentile (median) | 26.64 | (1.41) | 26.59 | (1.31) | 24.40 | (1.40) | 27.18 | (1.53) | 26.16 | (0.70) | 6080 | |
| 51st to 75th percentile | 23.52 | (1.28) | 24.07 | (1.29) | 23.82 | (1.32) | 21.97 | (1.39) | 23.41 | (0.65) | 5440 | |
| 76th to 100th percentile | 18.75 | (1.39) | 18.70 | (1.44) | 20.50 | (1.46) | 17.05 | (1.38) | 18.83 | (0.70) | 4375 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,240 | ||||||
| Bed size of hospital (STRATA) | ||||||||||||
| Small | 13.02 | (1.48) | 13.00 | (1.47) | 14.09 | (1.56) | 13.49 | (1.64) | 13.39 | (0.73) | 3165 | 0.990 |
| Medium | 24.60 | (1.84) | 23.21 | (1.79) | 22.69 | (1.82) | 22.82 | (1.87) | 23.36 | (0.82) | 5520 | |
| Large | 62.38 | (2.13) | 63.80 | (2.13) | 63.23 | (2.19) | 63.69 | (2.25) | 63.25 | (0.96) | 14,950 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,635 | ||||||
| Location/teaching status of hospital (STRATA) | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1.93 | (0.48) | 2.15 | (0.57) | 3.03 | (0.60) | 2.28 | (0.56) | 2.35 | (0.27) | 555 | 0.120 |
| Urban nonteaching | 17.85 | (1.49) | 17.15 | (1.64) | 12.61 | (1.36) | 14.29 | (1.52) | 15.55 | (0.68) | 3675 | |
| Urban teaching | 80.23 | (1.55) | 80.70 | (1.71) | 84.36 | (1.47) | 83.43 | (1.61) | 82.10 | (0.72) | 19,405 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,635 | ||||||
| Region of hospital | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 20.82 | (2.07) | 19.14 | (1.96) | 19.25 | (2.01) | 18.75 | (2.00) | 19.53 | (0.86) | 4615 | 0.675 |
| Midwest | 17.36 | (1.58) | 19.78 | (1.88) | 17.28 | (1.70) | 19.25 | (1.81) | 18.38 | (0.77) | 4345 | |
| South | 43.81 | (2.22) | 42.58 | (2.28) | 48.08 | (2.37) | 47.42 | (2.40) | 45.36 | (0.99) | 10,720 | |
| West | 18.01 | (1.60) | 18.50 | (1.70) | 15.40 | (1.55) | 14.58 | (1.57) | 16.73 | (0.72) | 3955 | |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 23,635 | ||||||