Table 1.

Pedagogical elements of self-directed VEGA (ie, experimental arm) and workshop VEGA (ie, active control arm) educational approaches.

Pedagogical elements	Self-directed VEGAa (experimental arm)	Workshop VEGA (active control arm)
Didactic material [48]	Asynchronous reading	Synchronous lecturing with 2 facilitators
Deliberate practice [49,50]	Case-based animated simulations	Case-based role play
Enabling learning tools [51]	Remote patients, clinical handbook, clinical scripts	Remote patients, clinical handbook, clinical scripts
Test-enhanced learning [46]	Individual multiple-choice questions with response feedback	Group-based polling (ie, multiple-choice) and feedback

^aVEGA: Violence, Evidence, Guidance, and Action.