Table 1:
Study population.
| Dataset (group) | Age mean ± std | Male gender (percentage) | Education in years mean ± std | Race (White; Black; Asian; American Indian; Pacific; Multi-race) | CDR mean ± std |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| NACC | |||||
| NC [n = 17242] | 71.25 ± 11.16 | 6009, 34.85% | 15.83 ± 2.98^ | (13266, 2541, 528, 109, 10, 575)^ | 0.05 ± 0.15 |
| MCI [n = 7582] | 73.72 ± 9.81 | 3615, 47.68% | 15.16 ± 3.45^ | (5708, 1185, 231, 53, 5, 276)^ | 0.45 ± 0.18 |
| AD [n = 16131] | 76.0 ± 10.31 | 7234, 44.85% | 14.52 ± 3.74^ | (13161, 1702, 354, 92, 10, 458)^ | 1.2 ± 0.73 |
| LBD [n = 1913] | 75.01 ± 8.55 | 1365, 71.35% | 15.12 ± 3.63^ | (1659, 128, 39, 17, 0, 37)^ | 1.29 ± 0.78 |
| VD [n = 1919] | 80.32 ± 8.76 | 947, 49.35% | 14.15 ± 4.22^ | (1394, 332, 67, 2, 1, 68)^ | 1.22 ± 0.74 |
| PRD [n = 114] | 60.07 ± 10.36 | 62, 54.39% | 14.8 ± 3.33^ | (93, 5, 5, 0, 1, 1)^ | 1.95 ± 0.95 |
| FTD [n = 2898] | 65.86 ± 9.36 | 1603, 55.31% | 15.45 ± 3.09^ | (2664, 69, 73, 4, 5, 39)^ | 1.2 ± 0.83 |
| NPH [n = 138] | 79.1 ± 9.24 | 69, 50.0% | 15.0 ± 3.28^ | (119, 10, 4, 0, 0, 4)^ | 1.18 ± 0.71 |
| SEF [n = 808] | 76.3 ± 11.15 | 413, 51.11% | 14.6 ± 3.77^ | (646, 95, 15, 5, 2, 31)^ | 1.11 ± 0.7 |
| PSY [n = 2700] | 73.74 ± 10.78 | 1102, 40.81% | 14.13 ± 4.12^ | (2163, 238, 59, 14, 5, 87)^ | 1.1 ± 0.64 |
| TBI [n = 265] | 72.87 ± 11.23 | 192, 72.45% | 14.42 ± 4.13^ | (212, 27, 3, 2, 1, 11)^ | 1.11 ± 0.69 |
| ODE [n = 1234] | 72.94 ± 12.14 | 654, 53.0% | 14.5 ± 3.78^ | (1046, 93, 28, 5, 4, 36)^ | 1.2 ± 0.76 |
| p-value | <1.0e-200 | <1.0e-200 | <1.0e-200 | 8.341e-145 | <1.0e-200 |
|
| |||||
| NIFD | |||||
| NC [n = 124] | 63.21 ± 7.27 | 56, 45.16% | 17.48 ± 1.87^ | (89, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3)^ | 0.03 ± 0.12^ |
| FTD [n = 129] | 63.66 ± 7.33 | 75, 58.14% | 16.18 ± 3.29^ | (109, 1, 1, 0, 0, 4)^ | 0.82 ± 0.54^ |
| p-value | 6.266e-01 | 5.246e-02 | 2.606e-04 | 6.531e-01 | 4.333e-28 |
|
| |||||
| PPMI | |||||
| NC [n = 171] | 62.74 ± 10.12 | 109, 63.74% | 15.82 ± 2.93 | (163, 3, 2, 0, 0, 1)^ | N.A. |
| MCI [n = 27] | 68.04 ± 7.32 | 22, 81.48% | 15.52 ± 3.08 | (24, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1) | N.A. |
| p-value | 1.006e-02 | 1.115e-01 | 6.194e-01 | 2.910e-01 | N.A. |
|
| |||||
| AIBL | |||||
| NC [n = 480] | 72.45 ± 6.22 | 203, 42.29% | N.A. | N.A. | 0.03 ± 0.12 |
| MCI [n = 102] | 74.73 ± 7.11 | 53, 51.96% | N.A. | N.A. | 0.47 ± 0.14 |
| AD [n = 79] | 73.34 ± 7.77 | 33, 41.77% | N.A. | N.A. | 0.93 ± 0.54 |
| p-value | 5.521e-03 | 1.887e-01 | N.A. | N.A. | 4.542e-158 |
|
| |||||
| OASIS | |||||
| NC [n = 424] | 71.34 ± 9.43 | 164, 38.68% | 15.79 ± 2.62^ | (53, 18, 1, 0, 0, 0)^ | 0.0 ± 0.02 |
| MCI [n = 27] | 75.04 ± 7.25 | 14, 51.85% | 15.19 ± 2.76 | (4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)^ | 0.52 ± 0.09 |
| AD [n = 32] | 77.44 ± 7.42 | 20, 62.5% | 15.19 ± 2.8 | (8, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)^ | 0.86 ± 0.44 |
| LBD [n = 4] | 74.75 ± 5.67 | 4, 100.0% | 16.0 ± 2.83 | N.A. | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
| FTD [n = 4] | 64.25 ± 8.61 | 3, 75.0% | 16.5 ± 2.96 | (4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 1.25 ± 0.75 |
| p-value | 7.789e-04 | 3.239e-03 | 5.507e-01 | 8.735e-01 | 2.855e-169 |
|
| |||||
| LBDSU | |||||
| NC [n = 134] | 68.77 ± 7.62 | 61, 45.52% | 17.27 ± 2.47^ | N.A. | N.A. |
| MCI [n = 35] | 70.16 ± 8.41 | 26, 74.29% | 16.6 ± 2.58 | N.A. | N.A. |
| LBD [n = 13] | 73.42 ± 7.81 | 8, 61.54% | 16.77 ± 2.15 | N.A. | N.A. |
| p-value | 1.033e-01 | 7.863e-03 | 3.243e-01 | N.A. | N.A. |
|
| |||||
| 4RTNI | |||||
| NC [n = 12] | 68.08 ± 4.92 | 5, 41.67% | 15.45 ± 2.57^ | (12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| MCI [n = 31] | 67.61 ± 7.0 | 11, 35.48% | 16.68 ± 4.02 | (25, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1)^ | 0.55 ± 0.15 |
| FTD [n = 37] | 69.14 ± 7.43 | 20, 54.05% | 16.46 ± 4.21 | (31, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2)^ | 1.27 ± 0.55 |
| p-value | 6.691e-01 | 2.992e-01 | 6.843e-01 | 7.620e-01 | 5.700e-16 |
|
| |||||
| ADNI | |||||
| NC [n = 868] | 72.7 ± 6.57 | 383, 44.12% | 16.51 ± 2.52 | (730, 92, 28, 2, 0, 12)^ | 0.0 ± 0.04^ |
| MCI [n= 1119] | 72.77 ± 7.65 | 648, 57.91% | 15.97 ± 2.75 | (1023, 56, 17, 2, 2, 13)^ | 0.5 ± 0.06 |
| AD [n = 417] | 74.99 ± 7.78 | 232, 55.64% | 15.25 ± 2.92 | (383, 20, 10, 0, 0, 4) | 0.77 ± 0.27 |
| p-value | 8.911e-08 | 3.090e-09 | 2.869e-14 | 2.828e-05 | <1.0e-200 |
|
| |||||
| FHS | * | ||||
| NC [n = 394] | 74.9 ± 10.22^ | 206, 52.28% | N.A. | (394, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| MCI [n = 434] | 79.92 ± 8.8^ | 203, 46.77% | N.A. | (434, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 0.49 ± 0.07 |
| AD [n = 687] | 82.99 ± 7.87^ | 211, 30.71% | N.A. | (687, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 2.04 ± 0.88 |
| LBD [n = 73] | 79.34 ± 9.37^ | 46, 63.01% | N.A. | (73, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 1.84 ± 0.84 |
| VD [n= 113] | 81.74 ± 7.3^ | 48, 42.48% | N.A. | (113, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 1.85 ± 0.8 |
| FTD [n = 8] | 85.67 ± 5.91^ | 4, 50.0% | N.A. | (8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | 2.0 ± 0.87 |
| p-value | 1.316e-31 | 7.905e-14 | N.A. | 1.0 | <1.0e-200 |
Nine independent datasets were used for this study, including ADNI, NACC, NIFD, PPMI, OASIS, LBDSU, 4RTNI, and FHS. Data from NACC, NIFD, PPMI, OASIS, LBDSU, and 4RTNI were used for model training. Data from ADNI, FHS, and a held-out set from NACC were used for model testing. The p-value for each dataset indicates the statistical significance of inter-group differences per column. We used one-way ANOVA and χ2 tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Please refer to Glossary 1 for more information on the acronyms. Here N.A. denotes not available.
The symbol ^ indicates that data was not available for some subjects.
*
Due to the absence of CDR scores in the FHS dataset, we used the following definition: 0.0 - normal cognition, 0.5 - cognitive impairment, 1.0 - mild dementia, 2.0 - moderate dementia, 3.0 - severe dementia.