A. Survival analysis of RAG1−/− mice after castration or sham surgery with a brain tumor. Combined results from four independent experiments with log-rank test. Median survival length and number of animals are indicated. B-C, Flow cytometric analysis of T cells was performed in sham or castrated mice 14 days after brain tumor implantation. Cytokine production in T cells infiltrated into (B) tumors (n=5/sham, n=8/cas) or (C) inguinal lymph nodes (n=9/group) was measured after a 4 h incubation with stimulation cocktail. D. Cytokine production in T cells infiltrated into flank tumors (n=5/group). E. Frequency of exhausted T cell subsets in CD8+ T cells from brain tumors (upper) (n=8/sham, n=7/cas) or flank tumors (lower) (n=9/sham, n=8/cas). Terminally exhausted: CD8+CD44+PD1+TIM3+TCF1−, Progenitor exhausted: CD8+CD44+PD1+TIM3−TCF1+, Effector: CD8+CD44+TIM3−TCF1−. Data combined from two independent experiments. Unpaired Student’s t-test was performed (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.01).