Table 1.
MASALA participant characteristics by weight and waist change groups, 2010–2013 (N = 634)
| Anthropometry | Weight Stable ± 4.9% weight change* n = 414 (65.3%) | Weight gain > 5% weight gain* n = 220 (34.7%) | Waist Stable ± 4.9% waist change* n = 429 (67.7%) | Waist gain > 5% waist gain* n = 205 (32.3%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (by Asian Category) at exam 1 Normal BMI (BMI < 23) | 84 (20.3%) | 72 (32.7%) | 103 (24.0%) | 53 (24.6%) |
| Overweight (BMI 23-<27.5) | 202 (48.8%) | 100 (45.5%) | 210 (48.9%) | 92 (44.9%) |
| With obesity (BMI 27.5 or more) | 128 (30.9%) | 48 (21.8%) | 116 (27.0%) | 60 (29.3%) |
| Weight at exam 2 (kg) | 71.9 (64.2–79.2) | 72.3 (63.3–88.8) | ||
| Waist circumferance (cm) at exam 2 | 95 (89-. 5–101.9) | 94.3 (88.4–103.4) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) at exam 2 | 25.9 (23.8–28.6) | 26.5 (24.2–29.6) | ||
| Absolute Weight change (kg) | 0.7 (1.9) | 5.6 (2.3) | 1.7 (2.7) | 3.9 (3.5) |
| Absolute Waist circumferance change (cm) | 2.2 (6.0) | 5.9 (5.2) | 0.6 (2.6) | 9.6 (6.5) |
| Absolute BMI change (kg/m2) | 0.4 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.6) |
| Predictor variables | ||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics Age at exam 2 (years) | 60.4 (9.3) | 57.5 (9.2) | 59.2 (9.3) | 59.7 (9.5) |
| Female | 150 (36.2%) | 121 (55%) | 157 (36.6%) | 114 (55.6%) |
| Place of birth India | 340 (82.1%) | 191 (86.8%) | 358 (83.5%) | 173 (84.4%) |
| Other South Asian country | 64 (15.5%) | 22 (10.0%) | 58 (13.5%) | 28 (13.7%) |
| Other diaspora country | 10 (2.4%) | 7 (3.2%) | 13 (3.9%) | 4 (1.9%) |
| Years lived in the US | 28.3 (11.0) | 25.1 (10.8) | 27.4 (10.9) | 26.8 (11.3) |
|
Education <= High school |
25 (6.0%) | 11 (4.8%) | 24 (5.6%) | 11 (5.4%) |
| < bachelor's degree | 20 (4.8%) | 8 (3.5%) | 19 (4.4%) | 8 (3.9%) |
| ≥bachelor's degree | 369 (89.1%) | 406 (91.7%) | 386 (89.9%) | 186 (90.7%) |
|
Marital status Married/living as married/with partner |
381 (92.0%) | 20 (92.3%) | 400 (93.2%) | 184 (89.8%) |
| Separated/divorced | 9 (2.2%) | 8 (3.7%) | 8 (1.9%) | 9 (4.4%) |
| Widowed | 17 (4.1%) | 8 (3.7%) | 15 (3.5%) | 10 (4.9%) |
| Single | 7 (1.7%) | 1 (0.5%) | 6 (1.4%) | 2 (0.9%) |
|
Occupation Not working/unemployed |
56 (13.5%) | 39 (17.7%) | 48 (11.2%) | 47 (22.9%) |
| Employed full-time/part-time | 290 (70.0%) | 161 (73.2%) | 320 (74.6%) | 131 (63.9%) |
| Retired | 68 (16.4%) | 20 (9.1%) | 61 (14.2%) | 27 (13.2%) |
| Health Insurance | 384 (92.8%) | 209 (95.4%) | 401 (93.5%) | 192 (94.1%) |
|
Behavioral characteristics Cigarette smoking status Never/Former smoker |
399 (96.4%) | 214 (97.3%) | 412 (96.0%) | 201 (98%) |
| Current smoker | 15 (3.6%) | 6 (2.7%) | 17 (3.7%) | 4 (1.9%) |
| 1 + alcoholic drinks/week | 164 (39.6%) | 60 (27.3%) | 163 (38.0%) | 61 (29.8%) |
| TV watching, minutes/week | 420 (210–840) | 420 (210–840) | 420 (210–840) | 420 (210–840) |
| Moderate physical activity (MET-min/week) | 2906.3 (1635–4920) | 3097.5 (1518.8–5302.5) | 2992.5 (1620–5100) | 2940 (1530–4702.5) |
| Vegetarian diet | 142 (34.8%) | 90 (41.2%) | 152 (36.0%) | 80 (39.4%) |
|
Fasting About once or more/week |
36 (8.7%) | 31 (14.1%) | 45 (10.5%) | 22 (10.7%) |
| About 1–2 times/month | 69 (16.7%) | 27 (12.3%) | 66 (15.4%) | 30 9 (14.6%) |
| Once a year/or almost never | 309 (74.6%) | 162 (73.6%) | 318 (74.1%) | 153 (74.6%) |
|
Eating out 2 or 3 times a week |
44 (10.6%) | 33 (15%) | 50 (11.7%) | 27 (13.2%) |
| Once or < once a week | 370 (89.4%) | 187 (85.0%) | 379 (88.3%) | 178 (86.8%) |
|
Psychological characteristics Spielberger anger score |
15.8 (3.7) | 16.1 (3.7) | 15.8 (3.8) | 16.2 (3.6) |
| CES-Depression score | 7.1 (6.4) | 7.8 (7.5) | 7.0 (6.6) | 8.0 (7.1) |
| Social support score | 25.1 (4.8) | 24.7 (4.9) | 25.1 (4.7) | 24.5 (5.1) |
| Emotional burden score | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.9 (1.1) |
| Spielberger anxiety score | 15.8 (4.3) | 15.9 (4.5) | 15.8 (4.4) | 16.0 (4.2) |
|
Body composition measures Abdominal subcutaneous fat area (cm2) |
235.9 (95.4) | 224.7 (89.4) | 229.8 (90.0) | 236.7 (100.4) |
| Abdominal visceral fat area (cm2) | 141.7 (50.9) | 120.7 (57.2) | 134.8 (52.4) | 133.6 (57.4) |
| Liver attenuation (HU) | 54.1 (10.4) | 57.6 (10.2) | 54.8 (9.7) | 56.3 (11.8) |
| Intermuscular fat area (cm2) | 21.8 (8.9) | 19.8 (7.9) | 20.8 (8.7) | 21.9 (8.2) |
| Abdominal lean muscle mass area (cm2) | 97.0 (24.5) | 90.9 (23.8) | 97.0 (24.5) | 89.1 (23.7) |
|
Adipokines/inflammatory markers Leptin (pg/ml) |
15668 (13117) | 15056 (11755) | 14511 (11374) | 17463 (14851) |
| Adiponectin level (ng/dL) | 10848 (6429.4) | 13276 (6774.1) | 11170 (6774.0) | 12798 (6242.2) |
| Leptin (pg/ml) | 15668 (13117) | 15056 (11755) | 14511 (11374) | 17463 (14851) |
| Resistin level (pg/dL) | 21563 (10025.9) | 21213 (8056.2) | 21513 (9827.6) | 21289 (8384.9) |
| CRP level (ug/mL) | 2.3 (4.1) | 2.4 (3.8) | 2.3 (3.9) | 2.6 (4.1) |
|
Metabolic characteristics Prediabetes |
224 (54.1%) | 131 (59.6%) | 238 (55.5%) | 117 (57.1%) |
| Diabetes | 122 (29.5%) | 25 (13.3%) | 111 (25.9%) | 36 (17.6%) |
| Hypertension | 181 (43.7%) | 59 (26.8%) | 167 (39.9%) | 73 (35.6%) |
| Fatty Liver | 44 (10.7%) | 12 (5.5%) | 39 (9.2%) | 17 (8.3%) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186 (162–208.5) | 182.5 (163–209.5) | 187 (162–209) | 183 (162–209) |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 110 (89–133) | 109 (90–134) | 111 (90–135) | 107 (88–129) |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 47 (39–55) | 50.5 (41–59) | 47 (40–55) | 50 (40–59) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 125 (93–160) | 104.5 (78.5–144) | 120 (88–158) | 112 (88–150) |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 61 (45–92.9) | 49.9 (34.5–75) | 59 (41.8–87.9) | 55.6 (85.8) |
| Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (pmol/L* mg/dL) |
2.6 (1.8–4.0) | 1.9 (1.3–3.1) | 2.4 (1.7–3.7) | 2.3 (1.5–3.7) |
| Homeostasis model assessment of Beta-cell function (HOMA-B) ([pmol/L]/ [mg/dL]) | 108.4% (69.6–158.9) | 99.8% (74.6–140.4) | 102.9 (70.2–148.1) | 107.4 (71.6–153.8) |
All values represent mean ± SD or n (%), or median (IQR) as appropriate.
*
Weight and waist change from exam 2 to exam 1