Table 1.
Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 test-positive cases and test-negative controls with mRNA-1273 bivalent vaccine or ≥2 doses monovalent mRNA vaccines.
| Test Positive | Test Negative | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 20,966 | N = 62,898 | ASD | |
| Age at specimen collection date, years | <0.01 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 51.58 (18.33) | 51.55 (18.63) | |
| Median | 52 | 52 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 37, 65 | 37, 65 | |
| Min, max | 0.7, 102 | 0.7, 105 | |
| Age at specimen collection date, years, n (%) | 0.00 | ||
| ≤5 | 123 (0.6%) | 369 (0.6%) | |
| 6–17 | 210 (1.0%) | 630 (1.0%) | |
| 18–44 | 7413 (35.4%) | 22,239 (35.4%) | |
| 45–64 | 7857 (37.5%) | 23,571 (37.5%) | |
| 65–74 | 2865 (13.7%) | 8595 (13.7%) | |
| ≥75 | 2498 (11.9%) | 7494 (11.9%) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.00 | ||
| Female | 11,954 (57.0%) | 35,862 (57.0%) | |
| Male | 9012 (43.0%) | 27,036 (43.0%) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.00 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4842 (23.1%) | 14,526 (23.1%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1763 (8.4%) | 5289 (8.4%) | |
| Hispanic | 10,160 (48.5%) | 30,480 (48.5%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 2968 (14.2%) | 8904 (14.2%) | |
| Other/Unknown | 1233 (5.9%) | 3699 (5.9%) | |
| Body mass index,a kg/m,2 n (%) | 0.11 | ||
| <18.5 | 351 (1.7%) | 1272 (2.0%) | |
| 18.5–<25 | 4378 (20.9%) | 13,618 (21.7%) | |
| 25 –<30 | 6180 (29.5%) | 18,983 (30.2%) | |
| 30–<35 | 4466 (21.3%) | 13,887 (22.1%) | |
| 35–<40 | 2408 (11.5%) | 7015 (11.2%) | |
| 40–<45 | 1022 (4.9%) | 3130 (5.0%) | |
| ≥45 | 727 (3.5%) | 2211 (3.5%) | |
| Unknown | 1434 (6.8%) | 2782 (4.4%) | |
| Smoking,a n (%) | 0.09 | ||
| No | 15,795 (75.3%) | 46,743 (74.3%) | |
| Yes | 4226 (20.2%) | 14,197 (22.6%) | |
| Unknown | 945 (4.5%) | 1958 (3.1%) | |
| Charlson comorbidity scoreb,c | 0.10 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 1.09 (1.94) | 1.29 (2.09) | |
| Median | 0 | 0 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 0, 1 | 0, 2 | |
| Min, max | 0, 17 | 0, 17 | |
| Charlson comorbidity score,b,c n (%) | 0.11 | ||
| 0 | 12,596 (60.1%) | 34,461 (54.8%) | |
| 1 | 3537 (16.9%) | 11,224 (17.8%) | |
| ≥2 | 4833 (23.1%) | 17,213 (27.4%) | |
| Frailty indexb,d | 0.10 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.04) | |
| Median | 0.11 | 0.12 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 0.10, 0.14 | 0.10, 0.14 | |
| Min, max | 0.05, 0.40 | 0.05, 0.40 | |
| Frailty index,b,d n (%) | 0.12 | ||
| Quartile 1 | 5689 (27.1%) | 15,277 (24.3%) | |
| Quartile 2 | 5607 (26.7%) | 15,324 (24.4%) | |
| Quartile 3 | 5102 (24.3%) | 15,901 (25.3%) | |
| Quartile 4, most frail | 4568 (21.8%) | 16,396 (26.1%) | |
| Chronic diseases,b n (%) | |||
| Kidney disease | 1796 (8.6%) | 6219 (9.9%) | 0.05 |
| Heart disease | 1165 (5.6%) | 4355 (6.9%) | 0.06 |
| Lung disease | 2602 (12.4%) | 9341 (14.9%) | 0.07 |
| Liver disease | 1084 (5.2%) | 3874 (6.2%) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes | 4093 (19.5%) | 13,484 (21.4%) | 0.05 |
| Immunocompromised, n (%) | 0.09 | ||
| Yes | 924 (4.4%) | 4032 (6.4%) | |
| HIV/AIDS | 75 | 293 | |
| Leukemia, lymphoma, congenital and other immunodeficiencies, Asplenia/hyposplenia | 386 | 1428 | |
| Organ transplant | 127 | 483 | |
| Immunosuppressant medications | 571 | 2725 | |
| Autoimmune conditions,b n (%) | 0.02 | ||
| Yes | 796 (3.8%) | 2641 (4.2%) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 357 | 1203 | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 148 | 569 | |
| Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis | 276 | 847 | |
| Multiple sclerosis | 43 | 111 | |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 64 | 241 | |
| Pregnant at specimen collection date, n (%) | 0.15 | ||
| Yes | 331 (1.6%) | 2497 (4.0%) | |
| 1st trimester | 73 | 204 | |
| 2nd trimester | 100 | 262 | |
| 3rd trimester | 158 | 2031 | |
| History of SARS-CoV-2 infectione, n (%) | 0.20 | ||
| Yes | 5721 (27.3%) | 23002 (36.6%) | |
| <180 days | 334 | 3949 | |
| 180–<360 days | 1859 | 8549 | |
| ≥360 days | 3528 | 10504 | |
| History of SARS-CoV-2 molecular test,e n (%) | 17,319 (82.6%) | 49,090 (78.0%) | 0.11 |
| Number of outpatient and virtual visits,b n (%) | 0.18 | ||
| 0 | 830 (4.0%) | 1779 (2.8%) | |
| 1–4 | 4966 (23.7%) | 11,533 (18.3%) | |
| 5–10 | 6027 (28.7%) | 17,022 (27.1%) | |
| ≥11 | 9143 (43.6%) | 32,564 (51.8%) | |
| Number of emergency department visits,b n (%) | 0.13 | ||
| 0 | 16,138 (77.0%) | 44,945 (71.5%) | |
| 1 | 3050 (14.5%) | 11,150 (17.7%) | |
| ≥2 | 1778 (8.5%) | 6803 (10.8%) | |
| Number of hospitalizations,b n (%) | 0.06 | ||
| 0 | 19,425 (92.7%) | 57,233 (91.0%) | |
| 1 | 1060 (5.1%) | 3992 (6.3%) | |
| ≥2 | 481 (2.3%) | 1673 (2.7%) | |
| Preventive care,b n (%) | 16,960 (80.9%) | 52,478 (83.4%) | 0.07 |
| Medicaid, n (%) | 2026 (9.7%) | 7529 (12.0%) | 0.07 |
| Neighborhood median household income, n (%) | 0.02 | ||
| <$40,000 | 352 (1.7%) | 1140 (1.8%) | |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 3445 (16.4%) | 10,066 (16.0%) | |
| $60,000–$79,999 | 4974 (23.7%) | 14,882 (23.7%) | |
| ≥$80,000 | 12,148 (57.9%) | 36,702 (58.4%) | |
| Unknown | 47 (0.2%) | 108 (0.2%) | |
| Medical center areaf | 0.14 | ||
| Month of specimen collection, n (%) | 0.10 | ||
| September to October 2022 | 3797 (18.1%) | 12,675 (20.2%) | |
| November to December 2022 | 8709 (41.5%) | 23,296 (37.0%) | |
| January to February 2023 | 3356 (16.0%) | 11,004 (17.5%) | |
| March to April 2023 | 2867 (13.7%) | 9411 (15.0%) | |
| May to June 2023 | 2237 (10.7%) | 6512 (10.4%) | |
| Specimen type, n (%) | 0.10 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab | 18262 (87.1%) | 56,730 (90.2%) | |
| Saliva | 2704 (12.9%) | 6168 (9.8%) | |
| Vaccination status, n (%) | 0.06 | ||
| Bivalent vaccinated | 3075 (14.7%) | 10,712 (17.0%) | |
| ≥2 doses monovalent mRNA | 17,891 (85.3%) | 52,186 (83.0%) | |
| Number of monovalent vaccines prior to index date,g n (%) | 0.10 | ||
| 2 doses | 4283 (20.4%) | 15,543 (24.7%) | |
| 3 doses | 12,075 (57.6%) | 33,989 (54.0%) | |
| ≥4 doses | 4608 (22.0%) | 13,366 (21.3%) | |
| Antiviral therapy within 7 days after the index date n (%) | N/A | ||
| Yes | 3844 (18.3%) | N/A | |
| Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir | 3779 | N/A | |
| Molnupiravir | 28 | N/A | |
| Remdesivir | 41 | N/A |
ASD = absolute standardized difference, N/A = not applicable.
aDefined in the 2 years prior to specimen collection date.
bDefined in the year prior to specimen collection date.
cPossible range: 0–29.30
dPossible range: 0–1.31
eDefined based on all available medical records from March 1, 2020, to specimen collection date.
fFrequency and percent for the 19 medical center areas not shown.
gDefined based on all available vaccine records from December 11, 2020, to index date.