Table 4:
Assessing the Association between School-Level Characteristics and Athletic Opportunities for Girls.
| School-Level Covariates | Number of Sports (Girls)1 n = 128892 Model 1 |
Number of Sport Teams (Girls)1 n = 128852 Model 2 |
Girls Sport Participation Rate1 n = 128732 Model 3 |
Sport Participation Gender Equity Rato1: n = 128352 Model 4–1. |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | b SE | β | Mean | b SE | β | Mean | b SE | β | Mean | b SE | β | |
| % Female | ||||||||||||
| 0% to 44% | 5.35 | Reference | 7.95 | Reference | 0.532 | Reference | 1.000 | Reference | ||||
| 45% to 54% | 7.80 | .219***(.062) | 0.016 | 13.3 | .514***(.109) | 0.028 | 0.423 | −.021***(.004) | −0.027 | 0.811 | −.145***(.022) | −0.040 |
| 55% to 100% | 5.45 | .033 (.117) | 0.001 | 7.59 | −.165 (.209) | −0.005 | 0.410 | −.073***(.007) | −0.055 | 0.754 | −.257***(.040) | −0.037 |
| % Non-White | ||||||||||||
| 0% to 24% | 7.36 | Reference | 12.5 | Reference | 0.542 | Reference | 0.860 | Reference | ||||
| 25% to 49% | 8.00 | .075 (.056) | 0.015 | 13.7 | .352***(.105) | 0.033 | 0.403 | −.030***(.003) | −0.041 | 0.819 | −.024 (.016) | −0.008 |
| 50% to 74% | 7.97 | .212** (.071) | 0.026 | 13.4 | .460***(.134) | 0.038 | 0.342 | −.049***(.004) | −0.053 | 0.789 | −.053* (.021) | −0.016 |
| 75% to 100% | 7.06 | −.308***(.080) | −0.009 | 11.4 | −.624***(.152) | 0.007 | 0.285 | −.087***(.005) | −0.102 | 0.781 | −.066** (.024) | −0.022 |
| % Free Lunch Eligible | ||||||||||||
| 0% to 24% | 8.66 | Reference | 15.7 | Reference | 0.525 | Reference | 0.972 | Reference | ||||
| 25% to 49% | 7.21 | −.623***(.046) | −0.101 | 11.7 | −1.73***(.084) | −0.158 | 0.425 | −.057***(.002) | −0.14 | 0.866 | .018 (.014) | 0.008 |
| 50% to 74% | 6.68 | −1.04***(.066) | −0.138 | 10.4 | −2.63***(.120) | −0.192 | 0.330 | −.087***(.004) | −0.169 | 0.812 | −.005 (.021) | −0.002 |
| 75% to 100% | 5.76 | −1.36***(.091) | −0.124 | 8.53 | −3.00***(.165) | −0.159 | 0.314 | −.096***(.005) | −0.134 | 0.792 | −.053 (.030) | −0.012 |
| Type of Community | ||||||||||||
| City | 8.18 | Reference | 13.8 | Reference | 0.294 | Reference | 0.810 | Reference | ||||
| Suburb | 9.24 | .099 (.064) | 0.004 | 16.3 | .498***(.123) | 0.023 | 0.401 | .026***(.004) | 0.032 | 0.816 | −.028 (.018) | −0.011 |
| Town | 6.84 | −.586***(.076) | −0.059 | 11.4 | −.710***(.146) | −0.034 | 0.466 | .050***(.004) | 0.066 | 0.799 | −.062** (.022) | −0.020 |
| Rural | 6.03 | −.661***(.070) | −0.089 | 9.64 | −.888***(.134) | −0.067 | 0.521 | .051***(.004) | 0.075 | 0.853 | −.041* (.020) | −0.017 |
| Number of Students | ||||||||||||
| 0 to 205 | 3.62 | Reference | 5.03 | Reference | 0.673 | Reference | 0.972 | Reference | ||||
| 206 to 430 | 5.25 | 1.32***(.079) | 0.124 | 7.99 | 2.53***(.150) | 0.123 | 0.545 | −.125***(.005) | −0.184 | 0.866 | −.095***(.024) | −0.030 |
| 431 to 900 | 6.93 | 2.77***(.079) | 0.307 | 10.8 | 5.32***(.152) | 0.291 | 0.457 | −.205***(.005) | −0.361 | 0.812 | −.138***(.024) | −0.052 |
| 901 or more | 9.23 | 4.77***(.081) | 0.620 | 16.4 | 10.0***(.154) | 0.664 | 0.341 | −.285***(.005) | −0.599 | 0.792 | −.154***(.024) | −0.068 |
| Charter/Magnet School | ||||||||||||
| Regular public high school | 7.56 | Reference | 12.8 | Reference | 0.440 | Reference | 0.823 | Reference | ||||
| Charter/Magnet School | 6.94 | −.529***(.081) | −0.02 | 10.1 | −1.62***(.147) | −0.055 | 0.281 | −.055***(.005) | −0.049 | 0.863 | .076** (.027) | 0.015 |
| Special Ed. School | ||||||||||||
| Regular public high school | 7.57 | Reference | 12.8 | Reference | 0.434 | Reference | 0.825 | Reference | ||||
| Special Educational School | 4.89 | −1.76***(.160) | −0.053 | 7.26 | −2.69***(.304) | −0.042 | 0.294 | −.201***(.010) | −0.088 | 0.827 | −.076 (.050) | −0.007 |
| Geographic Region | ||||||||||||
| East | 9.31 | Reference | 15.4 | Reference | 0.550 | Reference | 0.880 | Reference | ||||
| Midwest | 7.19 | −1.00***(.070) | −0.110 | 13.1 | −.126 (.139) | 0.006 | 0.525 | −.086***(.004) | −0.148 | 0.839 | −.072***(.019) | −0.028 |
| South | 7.11 | −1.59***(.070) | −0.195 | 10.9 | −3.07***(.139) | −0.186 | 0.334 | −.181***(.004) | −0.331 | 0.766 | −.107***(.019) | −0.046 |
| West | 7.33 | −1.51***(.076) | −0.153 | 13.2 | −1.24*** (.151) | −0.062 | 0.401 | −.115***(.004) | −0.175 | 0.871 | −.009 (.021) | −0.003 |
| School Year | ||||||||||||
| 2009–10 | 7.82 | Reference | 13.8 | Reference | 0.400 | Reference | 0.758 | Reference | ||||
| 2011–12 | 7.50 | .416*** (.041) | 0.046 | 12.7 | .366*** (.070) | 0.024 | 0.461 | .021*** (.002) | 0.039 | 0.803 | .027 (.017) | 0.010 |
| 2013–14 | 7.39 | .192*** (.042) | 0.022 | 12.2 | −.326*** (.071) | −0.012 | 0.420 | .004 (.002) | 0.006 | 0.876 | .107*** (.017) | 0.042 |
| 2015–16 | 7.48 | .384*** (.042) | 0.041 | 12.3 | −.011 (.071) | −0.003 | 0.434 | .011*** (.002) | 0.019 | 0.848 | .081*** (.017) | 0.032 |
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001; SE = Standard Error; b = unstandardized beta coefficient; β = Standardized beta coefficient
1
Standardized beta coefficients were estimated with Ordinary Least Squares regression (GEE does not produce standardized estimates).
2
Sample sizes vary due to missing values on either the outcome or covariates. All analyses use listwise deletion with respect to missing information on both athletic opportunities and school-level characteristics.