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. 2024 Apr 5;15:2966. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47002-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Medications are grouped and color-coded by ATC level. Significant protective associations are shown in blue. Significant deleterious associations are shown in red. Non-significant associations are shown in white. A Average treatment effect (ATE) of the medication (Cox hazard ratio, HR). B Breakdown of the ATE into three path-specific effects (expressed as percentages): direct path, subtype path and node path. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. ATE average treatment effect, ATC Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical, HR hazard ratio, B* blood and blood-forming organs, H** systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins, R*** respiratory system.