Table 2.
Results of synthesis
| Studies | Length of study | Interventions group | Control group (intervention) | FoF outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strength | Balance | Mobility | Results | Conclusion | |||
|
Chittrakul et al. [29], 2020 (Thailand) |
Twelve weeks | Sit-to-stand, knee raise, squats, step back lunges | Heel & toe walking, steps in multiple directions & surfaces | – | Flexibility exercises | [Fes-I (IG:18.05 vs CG:25.69, p < 0.001] [Fes-I (IG:24.27 vs CG:38.52, p < 0.001] | Significant FoF reduction after 12 and 24 weeks of follow-up |
|
Gomes et al. [30], 2018 (Brazil) |
Seven weeks | – | Interactive video gaming (to improve postural control) | Interactive video gaming (to improve gait) | Information outlining the benefits of physical activity |
[Fes-I (IG:40.3 vs CG:34.7, p > 0.05] [Fes-I (IG:38.6 vs CG:34.5, p > 0.05] |
No significant differences after 7 weeks and 1 month of follow-up |
|
Pollock et al. [31], 2012 (UK) |
8 weeks | Progressive strength training plus Whole-body vibration platform balance, and mobility exercises | Balance exercises plus Whole-body vibration platform | Functional mobility training plus Whole-body vibration platform | Strength, balance, and mobility exercises only |
[Fes-I (IG:32.4 vs CG:30.9, p > 0.05] [Fes-I (IG:35.9 vs CG:37.7, p > 0.05] |
No significant differences after 8 and 6 months of follow-up |
|
Sattin et al. [32], 2005 (USA) |
48 weeks | – | Tai Chi exercises. Coordination, narrowing of lower extremity stance |
Tai Chi exercises Trunk rotation, weight shifting, |
Wellness education relevant to health |
[ABC IG: 59.2 vs CG: 47.9, p < 0.001] [Fes-I (IG:17.6 vs CG:21.2, p < 0.001] |
Significant FoF reduction after 48 weeks of follow-up |
|
Ge et al. [33], 2021 (China) |
8 weeks | Tai Chi exercises (lower limb strength) | – |
Tai Chi exercises (gait function) |
Usual care | [Likert-scale (IG:0.16 vs CG:1.00, p < 0.001] | Significant FoF reduction after 8 weeks of follow-up |
|
Kapan et al. [34], 2017 (Austria) |
12 weeks | Mini squat, beetles, hip extensions, strength exercises with elastic band | – | – | Social support | [Fes-I (IG:39.9 vs CG:41.5, p = 0.016] | No significant differences after 12 weeks of follow up |
|
Jeon et al. [35], 2014 (South Korea) |
12 weeks | Muscle strengthening exercise – ankle (dorsiflexion) and lower extremity (hip, knee extension, and flexion) | Balance exercise – static (standing on one leg) and dynamic (weight shifting, walking in multiple directions) | – | No intervention |
[Fes-I (IG: 7.48 vs CG: 0.49, p < 0.001] [Likert-scale (IG:0.23 vs CG:0.13, p < 0.001] |
Significant FoF reduction after 12 weeks of follow-up |
|
Furtado et al. [36], 2020 (Portugal) |
28 weeks | CSE Group: elastic-band resistance exercises, squat, chest & shoulder press, hip flexion, Chair spine twist, biceps flexion & triceps extension | – | CME Group: Agility integrated exercise, Chair-based sit and reach, leg extension, skipping, walking | No intervention | [Fes-I (CSE:18.11 vs CME:32.08 CG:39.67, p < 0.001] | Significant FoF reduction after 28 weeks of follow-up |
|
Moreira et al. [37], 2021 (Brazil) |
12 weeks |
Xbox 360 Console “Your Shape™: Fitness Evolved” game (squats and lunges) |
Xbox 360 Console “Your Shape™: Fitness Evolved” game (Boxing, lateral & anteroposterior displacements) |
– | Strength and balance exercises | [Fes-I (IG:23.22 vs CG:25.62, p = 0.37] | No significant differences after 12 weeks of follow-up |
|
Giné-Garriga et al. [38], 2013 (Spain) |
12 weeks |
Functional circuit training program. Rising from a chair, stair climbing, knee bends, leg squat, leg extension & flexion, calf raise, floor transfer & lunges |
Functional balance exercise—static (standing on one leg, dual tasks, tandem standing with eyes open/closed using different surfaces) and dynamic (walking on multiple surfaces & directions) |
– | No intervention |
[ABC IG: 64.69 vs CG: 47.63, p < 0.001] [ABC IG: 55.79 vs CG: 49.15, p < 0.001] |
Significant FoF reduction after 12 and 36 weeks of follow-up |
|
Yamada et al. [39], 2011 (Japan) |
12 months | Frail group: Resistance exercise training (leg press, leg curl & leg extension) | – | – | Robust group: Resistance exercise training (leg press, leg curl & leg extension) | [Fes-I (FG:35.9 vs RG:37.1, p < 0.001] | Significant FoF reduction after 12 months of follow-up |
|
Hagedorn et al. [40], 2010 (USA) |
12 weeks | Progressive resistance muscle strength (leg press, pulley station, ball games) | Visual computer feedback system (weight shifts, one leg & toe standing, double tasks in different directions and surfaces) | – | Traditional balance and strength training | Fes-I (IG:24.8 vs CG:27.7, p > 0.05] | No significant differences after 12 weeks of follow-up |
|
Sihvonen et al. [41], 2004 (Finland) |
4 weeks | – | Individualized dynamic balance exercises on a force platform (dynamic weight shifting, leaning, stepping tasks on different surfaces, verbal tasks) | – | No intervention |
[Single-item question method (60% (n = 12) of the IG had no FoF vs 14% (n = 1) of the CG, p = 0.02] [Single-item question method (37% (n = 7) of the IG had no FoF vs 14% (n = 1) of the CG, p > 0.02] |
Significant FoF reduction after 4 weeks of follow-up No between-group differences were found after 12 months of follow-up |
IG Intervention group, CG Control group, FG Frail group, RG Robust group, CSE Chair Muscle Strength Exercise group, CME Chair-Multimodal Exercise Group