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. 2024 Apr 5;15:2955. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47187-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Procedure to change a chemical unclonable function (CUF) from a copiable to an uncopiable state. b Electropherograms of the ligation products of a CUF in the copiable and uncopiable state. The green areas show the approximate expected length of the single-end and paired-end ligated products, respectively. c Exemplary application scenario for a PUF. Upon manufacturing, a list of challenge response pairs (CRPs) for the PUF token is recorded. For evaluation of a request, the CRP generated by the PUF is compared to the database. Adapted from McGrath et al.³⁵. d Extended application scenario for a CUF. The issuer generates and distributes a pre-determined amount of CUF tokens to multiple users. Any user in possession of a token belonging to a given CUF can then start an authentication request, while the others are able to confirm the user’s authenticity in a decentralized manner. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.