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. 2024 Apr 5;15:2939. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47317-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a–k Treatment regimen with D + Q or DMSO (black arrows) in mice after LSI surgery or sham surgery. Red arrow indicates the day of surgery. Blue arrow indicates the day of euthanasia. b Representative images of coronal mouse caudal endplate sections of L4/5 stained for SA-βGal (green). Scale bars, 50 μm. c Quantitative analysis of b. d Representative immunofluorescent images of tdTom⁺ cells (red) and DAPI (blue) staining of nuclei at 8 weeks after LSI or sham surgery in p16^tdTom mice. Scale bars, 50 μm. e Quantitative analysis of d. f Representative immunofluorescent images of CD31 (green), Emcn (red) staining, and DAPI (blue) staining of nuclei. Scale bars, 50 μm. g Permillage of CD31⁺Emcn⁺ area in the endplates of f. h Representative three-dimensional µCT images of the caudal endplates of L4/5 (coronal view). Scale bars, 500 μm. i Quantitative analysis of the total porosity of h. j Representative images of safranin O and fast green staining, proteoglycan (red) and cavities (green). Scale bars, 50 μm. k Endplate scores as an indication of endplate degeneration based on safranin O and fast green staining. l Representative immunohistochemical images of Osterix (Osx). Scale bars, 50 μm. m Quantitative analysis of the number of Osx⁺ cells of l. n = 6 per group. Data are represented as means ± standard deviations, as determined by One-way ANOVA. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.