TABLE 1.
Interventional studies in individuals with NDs or the elderly (with cognitive function as endpoint)
| Reference | Disease or condition | Main endpoint(s) | Diet(s) | Total n | Age (y) | % Female |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anton (2019) [54] | Elderly, obese | Cognitive function | TRE 16:8 | 10 | M = 77.1 | 60 |
| Bock (2022) [49] | Multiple sclerosis | sNfL levels | Fasting, KD, or control | 60 | M = 43.1, 45.7, 50.0 | 67, 76, 86 |
| Choi (2016) [47] | Multiple sclerosis | Quality of life, mental health | FMD, KD, or control | 60 | M = 44.8 | 79 |
| Fitzgerald (2018) [48] | Multiple sclerosis | Change in emotional well-being, depression | Intermittent CR, daily CR, or control | 36 | M = 37.4 | 81 |
| Horie (2016) [30] | MCI, overweight | Cognitive function | CR or control | 80 | M = 68.1 | 83.7 |
| Hugenschmidt (2019) [55] | Elderly, obese | Cognitive function | High CR plus exercise, medium CR plus exercise, or exercise only | 88 | M = 69.0 | 68 |
| Napoli (2014) [56] | Elderly, obese | Cognitive function, quality of life | CR, CR plus exercise, exercise only, or control | 107 | M = 70, 70, 70, 69 | 65, 57, 61, 67 |
| Ooi (2020) [31] | MCI | Cognitive function | Regular IF, irregular IF, or control | 99 | M = 68.7, 67.9, 69.1 | 37.8, 57.1, 44.4 |
| Rahmani (2023) [51] | Multiple sclerosis | Cortical thickness, volume, perfusion, neuroinflammation | CR or control | 10 | M = 46 | 80 |
| Rangan (2022) [20] 1 | AD or MCI | [Cognitive function]1 | FMD or control | 281 | M = 711 | 461 |
| Siervo (2012) [53] | Elderly, obese | Cognitive function | CR | 26 | M = 64.5 | 88 |
| Solianik (2020) [57] | Elderly, overweight to obese | Cognitive function | PF, paired crossover design | 11 | Range = 63–80 | 100 |
| Tussing-Humphreys (2022) [58] | Elderly, obese | Cognitive function | CR with MD, MD, or control | 185 | M = 66.3 | 85.9 |
| Witte (2009) [52] | Elderly, normal to overweight | Cognitive function | CR, unsaturated FA enhancement, or control | 50 | M = 60.5 | 58 |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; CR, caloric restriction; FMD, fasting-mimicking diet; IF, intermittent fasting; KD, ketogenic diet; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MD, Mediterranean diet; ND, neurodegenerative disease; PF, prolonged fasting; sNfL, serum neurofilament light chain; TRE, time-restricted eating.
1
Study recruitment is ongoing.