TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics
| Total | Total fish intake |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Participants, n | 1545 | 387 | 386 | 386 | 386 |
| Total fish (g/1000 kcal) [median (min–max)] | 14 (0–19.7) | 24 (19.8–29.4) | 36 (29.5–44.6) | 58 (44.9–162.9) | |
| Age (y) | 63.5 (3.5) | 63.5 (3.5) | 63.3 (3.5) | 63.4 (3.4) | 63.9 (3.5) |
| Marital status, married | 90.6 | 90.8 | 91.1 | 88.7 | 91.6 |
| Education, <10 y | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 8.0 |
| Employment status, employed | 71.4 | 73.0 | 71.1 | 70.8 | 70.7 |
| Household income, <3 million Japanese yen/y | 30.3 | 29.1 | 27.2 | 33.9 | 30.9 |
| Current use of cholesterol/triglyceride-lowering medication | 23.4 | 25.8 | 20.9 | 23.1 | 24.0 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes1 | 23.2 | 24.4 | 22.0 | 21.4 | 25.1 |
| Hypertension2 | 48.2 | 47.0 | 47.7 | 48.2 | 50.0 |
| Dyslipidemia3 | 59.0 | 63.8 | 58.8 | 59.1 | 54.4 |
| Cancer | 6.6 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 4.9 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 11.8 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 (3.1) | 24.4 (3.0) | 23.9 (2.9) | 24.4 (3.5) | 24.1 (3.1) |
| Smoking status, current | 22.1 | 22.7 | 23.6 | 23.1 | 19.2 |
| Sleep duration, <7 h/d | 37.4 | 40.3 | 39.5 | 36.1 | 33.6 |
| Physical activity on leisure, ≥10 METs h/wk | 35.0 | 34.2 | 34.8 | 35.6 | 35.5 |
| Dietary intake (/d) | |||||
| Total energy (kcal) | 1957 (554) | 1821 (554) | 1942 (506) | 2005 (552) | 2060 (574) |
| Alcohol (g) [median (IQR)] | 12.1 (1.0–30.1) | 10.2 (0.2–30.1) | 12.0 (1.0–28.7) | 14.3 (1.2–33.4) | 11.9 (1.2–28.6) |
| Protein (% energy) | 14.8 (2.9) | 12.7 (2.3) | 13.8 (2.0) | 15.0 (1.9) | 17.8 (2.6) |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal) | 195.3 (74.0) | 167.3 (79.7) | 180.8 (62.7) | 192.3 (60.0) | 240.8 (70.6) |
| n-3 PUFAs (g/1000 kcal) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.4) |
| Vitamin D (μg/1000 kcal) | 7.2 (4.4) | 3.2 (1.1) | 5.3 (0.9) | 7.6 (1.3) | 13.0 (4.3) |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal) | 4.3 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.6) |
| Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) | 136.7 (28.2) | 124.3 (26.4) | 129.6 (25.8) | 138.1 (22.4) | 154.7 (28.1) |
Data are presented as percentages or mean (standard deviation) except where noted.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IQR, inter quartile range; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; MET, metabolic equivalent; Q, quartile.
1
Defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥6.5%, and/or self-reported medical history or medication use for diabetes.
2
Defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, and/or self-reported medical history or medication use for hypertension.
3
Defined as low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ≥140 mg/dL, triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol <40 mg/dL, and/or self-reported medical history or medication use for dyslipidemia.