Table 2.

Effects and Mechanisms of other Panax notoginseng saponins in Ameliorating Learning and Memory Impairment as Reported and Evidenced.

Chemical Component	Effects	Mechanism and Descriptions	Cited references
Ginsenoside Rb3	Antidepressant-like effects, modulates neurotransmitters		[124]
Ginsenoside Rf	Improves spatial learning and memory in AD mice		[125]
Ginsenoside Rg2	Enhances cognitive behavior; protects against memory impairment; anti-apoptotic effects	Autophagy induction, protein aggregate clearance, protective effects	[[126], [127], [128], [129], [130]]
Ginsenoside Rg3	Attenuates learning and memory disorders; controls fear memory regression	Anti-inflammatory activity, Aβ42 uptake and degradation, HPA axis, BDNF-TrkB pathway	[[131], [132], [133], [134]]
Ginsenoside Rg5	Ameliorates cognitive dysfunction, prevents apoptosis, impacts gene expression related to cognitive impairment	Neuroinflammatory attenuation, decreases β-amyloid accumulation, HO-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, gene expression modulation	[135,136]
Ginsenoside Rh1	Improves memory in mouse models, increases cell survival	Cell survival, upregulates BDNF expression	[137,138]
Ginsenoside Rh2	Reverses cognitive impairment from sleep deprivation, promotes spatial learning, protects against memory impairment, exhibits antidepressant effects	Cholinergic transmission regulation, reduction of oxidative stress, ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway modulation	[[139], [140], [141], [142]]
Ginsenoside Rk3	Cognitive improvement	Improves spatial learning and memory deficits in double transgenic mouse models of APP/PS1	[143]