Table 1.
Basic demographic characteristics
| Basic characteristic | Number (n = 1529), (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 759 (49.6%) |
| Female | 770 (50.4%) |
| Age | 55 (IQR:36–66) |
| Race | |
| Malay | 909 (59.5%) |
| Chinese | 310 (20.3%) |
| Indian | 244 (16%) |
| Others | 66 (4.3%) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Diabetes | 500 (32.7%) |
| Hypertension | 621 (40.6%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 85 (5.6%) |
| Medications | |
| ARB/ACE inhibitor | 278 (18.2%) |
| SGLT2 | 34 (2.2%) |
| Metformin | 303 (19.8%) |
| NSAID | 128 (8.4%) |
| Acute kidney injury | |
| No | 1206 (78.9%) |
| Yes | 323 (21.1%) |
| Stages AKI (KDIGO, 2012) | |
| 1 | 250 (16.3%) |
| 2 | 32 (2.1%) |
| 3 | 41 (2.7%) |
| Dialysis | |
| No | 1514 (99.02%) |
| Yes | 15 (0.98%) |
| AKI recovery | |
| No | 133 (41.2%) |
| Yes | 190 (58.8%) |
| ICU admission | |
| No | 1199 (78.4%) |
| Yes | 330 (21.6%) |
| Covid vaccination | |
| No | 1337 (88%) |
| Yes | 182 (12%) |
| Types of vaccination | |
| Pfizer | 127 (8.4%) |
| AstraZeneca | 27 (1.8%) |
| Sinovac | 28 (1.8%) |
| Number of vaccinations | |
| One dose | 72 (4.7%) |
| Two doses | 107 (7.1%) |
| Three doses | 3 (0.2%) |
| Death | |
| No | 1394 (91.2%) |
| Yes | 135 (8.8%) |
| Pneumonia | |
| No | 602 (39.4%) |
| Yes | 924 (60.6%) |
| Ventilation | |
| No | 1403 (91.8%) |
| Yes | 126 (8.2%) |
| Types of ventilation | |
| Invasive ventilation | 94 (6.2%) |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 32 (2%) |