Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with CKD.
| Variables | Total (n = 3,678) |
Survival (n = 2,859) |
All-cause mortality (n = 819) |
Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SE) | 58.98 (0.45) | 55.98 (0.50) | 71.55 (0.46) | t = -23.62 | <0.001 |
| Age, years, n (%) | χ 2 = 174.047 | <0.001 | |||
| <65 | 1,801 (52.97) | 1,648 (60.07) | 153 (23.17) | ||
| ≥65 | 1,877 (47.04) | 1,211 (39.93) | 666 (76.83) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | χ 2 = 6.171 | 0.013 | |||
| Female | 1,855 (53.93) | 1,512 (55.10) | 343 (49.04) | ||
| Male | 1,823 (46.07) | 1,347 (44.90) | 476 (50.96) | ||
| Race, n (%) | χ 2 = 53.948 | <0.001 | |||
| Black | 829 (12.45) | 678 (13.12) | 151 (9.63) | ||
| White | 1,609 (66.45) | 1,103 (63.54) | 506 (78.66) | ||
| Others | 1,240 (21.10) | 1,078 (23.34) | 162 (11.71) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | χ 2 = 39.123 | <0.001 | |||
| High school graduate or below | 1,935 (45.35) | 1,440 (43.53) | 495 (52.95) | ||
| Some college or above | 1,652 (52.70) | 1,333 (54.13) | 319 (46.71) | ||
| Unknown | 91 (1.95) | 86 (2.34) | 5 (0.33) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | χ 2 = 18.381 | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 1,780 (51.75) | 1,401 (52.35) | 379 (49.23) | ||
| Not married | 1,809 (46.33) | 1,373 (45.35) | 436 (50.48) | ||
| Unknown | 89 (1.91) | 85 (2.30) | 4 (0.30) | ||
| PIR, mean (SE) | 2.62 (0.05) | 2.69 (0.06) | 2.33 (0.07) | t = 4.53 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | χ 2 = 28.695 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,863 (50.43) | 1,530 (52.48) | 333 (41.82) | ||
| Yes | 1,769 (48.58) | 1,288 (46.39) | 481 (57.73) | ||
| Unknown | 46 (1.00) | 41 (1.13) | 5 (0.44) | ||
| Drinking, n (%) | χ 2 = 3.506 | 0.173 | |||
| Excessive | 325 (11.22) | 262 (11.87) | 63 (8.45) | ||
| Light | 292 (9.23) | 226 (9.34) | 66 (8.76) | ||
| Never | 3,061 (79.56) | 2,371 (78.79) | 690 (82.79) | ||
| Physical activity, MET·min, n (%) | χ 2 = 130.545 | <0.001 | |||
| <450 | 1,035 (29.04) | 830 (30.00) | 205 (25.03) | ||
| ≥450 | 1,221 (36.50) | 1,075 (40.76) | 146 (18.62) | ||
| Unknown | 1,422 (34.46) | 954 (29.24) | 468 (56.34) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | χ 2 = 76.916 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 669 (22.23) | 610 (25.89) | 59 (6.86) | ||
| Yes | 3,009 (77.78) | 2,249 (74.11) | 760 (93.14) | ||
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | χ 2 = 27.212 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 686 (19.38) | 571 (21.08) | 115 (12.26) | ||
| Yes | 2,992 (80.62) | 2,288 (78.92) | 704 (87.74) | ||
| CVD, n (%) | χ 2 = 154.278 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,010 (59.05) | 1,746 (64.65) | 264 (35.60) | ||
| Yes | 1,668 (40.95) | 1,113 (35.36) | 555 (64.40) | ||
| DM, n (%) | χ 2 = 38.529 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,198 (65.13) | 1,775 (67.73) | 423 (54.27) | ||
| Yes | 1,480 (34.87) | 1,084 (32.28) | 396 (45.73) | ||
| Cancer, n (%) | χ 2 = 78.399 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,972 (80.36) | 2,376 (82.58) | 596 (71.05) | ||
| Yes | 613 (17.67) | 394 (15.05) | 219 (28.65) | ||
| Unknown | 93 (1.97) | 89 (2.37) | 4 (0.30) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SE) | 30.44 (0.19) | 30.50 (0.21) | 30.19 (0.34) | t = 0.81 | 0.422 |
| BMI, n (%) | χ 2 = 2.593 | 0.274 | |||
| Obesity | 1,674 (46.79) | 1,346 (47.45) | 328 (44.01) | ||
| Overweight | 1,159 (29.84) | 884 (29.76) | 275 (30.16) | ||
| Underweight/normal | 845 (23.38) | 629 (22.79) | 216 (25.83) | ||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SE) | 82.80 (0.65) | 87.15 (0.76) | 64.57 (1.20) | t = 15.19 | <0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g, mean (SE) | 197.46 (12.64) | 179.93 (13.12) | 270.96 (33.92) | t = -2.54 | 0.013 |
| WBC, 1,000 cells/uL, mean (SE) | 7.59 (0.06) | 7.54 (0.06) | 7.79 (0.15) | t = -1.55 | 0.125 |
| Lymphocyte, 1,000 cells/uL, mean (SE) | 2.07 (0.03) | 2.10 (0.03) | 1.95 (0.09) | t = 1.69 | 0.095 |
| Neutrophil, 1,000 cells/uL, mean (SE) | 4.65 (0.04) | 4.59 (0.04) | 4.91 (0.11) | t = -2.88 | 0.005 |
| Platelet, 1,000 cells/uL, mean (SE) | 233.45 (1.85) | 237.36 (2.17) | 217.05 (3.87) | t = 4.50 | <0.001 |
| MED score, mean (SE) | 4.97 (0.06) | 4.99 (0.07) | 4.87 (0.09) | t = 1.05 | 0.295 |
| Protein supply ratio, mean (SE) | 15.72 (0.15) | 15.74 (0.16) | 15.65 (0.28) | t = 0.28 | 0.781 |
| Carbohydrate supply ratio, mean (SE) | 48.30 (0.31) | 47.83 (0.35) | 50.29 (0.53) | t = -4.15 | <0.001 |
| Total fat supply ratio, mean (SE) | 34.42 (0.25) | 34.70 (0.29) | 33.23 (0.38) | t = 3.22 | 0.002 |
| HB, g/dL, mean (SE) | 13.78 (0.05) | 13.88 (0.05) | 13.33 (0.09) | t = 5.81 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL, mean (SE) | 5.92 (0.04) | 5.80 (0.04) | 6.41 (0.07) | t = -7.29 | <0.001 |
| Serum vitamin D, nmol/L, mean (SE) | 74.48 (1.07) | 74.26 (1.20) | 75.41 (1.77) | t = -0.57 | 0.569 |
| Serum Na, n (%) | χ 2 = 5.343 | 0.069 | |||
| Hypernatremia | 85 (2.14) | 69 (2.23) | 16 (1.76) | ||
| Hyponatremia | 162 (4.37) | 114 (3.92) | 48 (6.26) | ||
| Normal | 3,431 (93.49) | 2,676 (93.85) | 755 (91.97) | ||
| TSAT, n (%) | χ 2 = 61.011 | <0.001 | |||
| ≤20 | 227 (6.48) | 212 (7.55) | 15 (1.98) | ||
| >20 | 517 (14.77) | 485 (17.52) | 32 (3.20) | ||
| Unknown | 2,934 (78.76) | 2,162 (74.92) | 772 (94.82) | ||
| Ferritin, n (%) | χ 2 = 112.280 | <0.001 | |||
| ≤100 | 525 (15.40) | 496 (18.20) | 29 (3.68) | ||
| >100 | 456 (12.37) | 426 (14.64) | 30 (2.86) | ||
| Unknown | 2,697 (72.23) | 1,937 (67.17) | 760 (93.46) | ||
| Anemia, n (%) | χ 2 = 60.954 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,876 (83.50) | 2,324 (86.41) | 552 (71.31) | ||
| Yes | 802 (16.50) | 535 (13.59) | 267 (28.69) | ||
| Hyperuricemia, n (%) | χ 2 = 23.620 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,460 (67.29) | 1,989 (69.52) | 471 (57.96) | ||
| Yes | 1,218 (32.71) | 870 (30.48) | 348 (42.04) | ||
| Interaction between anemia and hyperuricemia, n (%) | χ 2 = 90.196 | <0.001 | |||
| No–no | 2,004 (57.73) | 1,662 (60.88) | 342 (44.55) | ||
| No–yes | 872 (25.77) | 662 (25.54) | 210 (26.77) | ||
| Yes–no | 456 (9.56) | 327 (8.65) | 129 (13.41) | ||
| Yes–yes | 346 (6.93) | 208 (4.94) | 138 (15.28) | ||
| Follow-up time, months, mean (SE) | 63.82 (1.15) | 67.14 (1.33) | 49.91 (1.50) | t = 9.54 | <0.001 |
| Renal disease-specific mortality, n (%) | |||||
| Survival | 2,859 (80.74) | 2,859 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Died from renal disease | 21 (0.50) | 0 (0.00) | 21 (2.62) | ||
| Died from other cause | 798 (18.76) | 0 (0.00) | 798 (97.38) | ||
CKD, chronic kidney disease; SE, standard error; PIR, poverty income ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; WBC, white blood cell; MED, Mediterranean; HB, hemoglobin; Na, sodium; TSAT, transferrin saturation; t, t-test; χ2, chi-square test. Bold values means statistically significant (P<0.05).