Table 3.
Beta (β) and 95% confidence intervals for biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress across tertiles of dietary PRAL and NEAP.
| Tertiles of dietary PRAL | Tertiles of dietary NEAP | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P trend | T1 | T2 | T3 | P trend | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | ||||||||
| Crude | Ref | 1.03 (0.15, 1.90) | 1.67 (0.79, 2.54) | < 0.001 | Ref | 0.09 (−0.77, 0.96) | 1.64 (0.77, 2.51) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.16 (0.29, 2.09) | 1.79 (0.91, 2.67) | < 0.001 | Ref | 0.10 (−75, 0.96) | 1.59 (0.72, 2.45) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.10 (0.21, 1.99) | 1.76 (0.88, 2.65) | < 0.001 | Ref | 0.09 (−0.80, 0.99) | 1.33 (0.44, 2.21) | 0.003 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.12 (0.23, 2.01) | 1.77 (0.88, 2.65) | < 0.001 | Ref | 0.10 (−0.79, 1.00) | 1.34 (0.46, 2.22) | 0.003 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | ||||||||
| Crude | Ref | 77.89 (8.34, 147.44) | 80.33 (10.78, 149.88) | 0.024 | Ref | 50.55 (−18.98, 120.10) | 91.56 (22.02, 161.11) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | Ref | 79.72 (9.77, 149.67) | 80.17 (8.88, 151.47) | 0.028 | Ref | 50.49 (−19.28, 120.27) | 90.62 (20.96, 160.28) | 0.011 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 67.51 (−6.38, 141.40) | 83.64 (10.26, 157.03) | 0.027 | Ref | 27.84 (−45.78, 101.46) | 90.82 (18.46, 163.19) | 0.014 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 63.28 (−10.16, 136.73) | 83.21 (10.39, 156.04) | 0.026 | Ref | 26.15 (−46.93, 99.23) | 88.83 (16.99, 160.67) | 0.015 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/mL) | ||||||||
| Crude | Ref | 179.54 (62.75, 296.33) | 189.93 (73.14, 306.73) | 0.002 | Ref | 58.75 (−59.84, 177.36) | 115.55 (−3.05, 234.15) | 0.056 |
| Model 1 | Ref | 177.35 (60.84, 293.85) | 202.67 (83.92, 321.42) | < 0.001 | Ref | 56.44 (−61.62, 174.51) | 119.98 (2.11, 237.85) | 0.046 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 154.96 (33.91, 276.01) | 195.01 (74.80, 315.23) | 0.002 | Ref | 31.49 (−91.06, 154.04) | 117.33 (−3.11, 237.79) | 0.055 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 151.21 (30.22, 272.19) | 194.63 (74.68, 314.58) | 0.002 | Ref | 29.93 (−92.36, 152.24) | 115.50 (−4.71, 235.73) | 0.059 |
| sE-selectin (ng/mL) | ||||||||
| Crude | Ref | 3.72 (−0.91, 8.36) | 6.12 (1.48, 10.76) | 0.01 | Ref | 2.60 (−2.07, 7.28) | 3.10 (−1.57, 7.77) | 0.194 |
| Model 1 | Ref | 2.90 (−1.65, 7.45) | 5.43 (0.78, 10.07) | 0.022 | Ref | 2.20 (−2.36, 6.77) | 3.27 (−1.28, 7.84) | 0.16 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 2.09 (−2.78, 6.97) | 6.65 (1.80, 11.50) | 0.007 | Ref | 1.79 (−3.12, 6.72) | 3.60 (−1.24, 8.44) | 0.145 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 2.13 (−2.75, 7.02) | 6.66 (1.81, 11.50) | 0.007 | Ref | 1.81 (−3.11, 6.74) | 3.62 (−1.21, 8.46) | 0.142 |
| MDA (μmol/L) | ||||||||
| Crude | Ref | 0.19 (−0.12, 0.52) | 0.13 (−0.18, 0.46) | 0.408 | Ref | 0.14 (−0.18, 0.46) | 0.28 (−0.04, 0.60) | 0.087 |
| Model 1 | Ref | 0.26 (−0.05, 0.58) | 0.24 (−0.07, 0.57) | 0.137 | Ref | 0.18 (−0.13, 0.50) | 0.29 (−0.02, 0.61) | 0.07 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.33 (−0.02, 0.69) | 0.21 (−0.14, 0.57) | 0.252 | Ref | 0.23 (−0.12, 0.59) | 0.35 (0.005, 0.71) | 0.048 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.33 (−0.02, 0.69) | 0.21 (−0.14, 0.57) | 0.252 | Ref | 0.23 (−0.12, 0.59) | 0.35 (0.005, 0.71) | 0.048 |
| NO (μmol/L) | ||||||||
| Crude | Ref | 1.59 (−1.24, 4.43) | −0.74 (−3.57, 2.08) | 0.6 | Ref | 0.90 (−1.93, 3.74) | −0.25 (−3.09, 2.58) | 0.862 |
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.32 (−1.50, 4.15) | −0.82 (−3.70, 2.04) | 0.57 | Ref | 0.87 (−1.95, 3.69) | −0.08 (−2.90, 2.73) | 0.953 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.64 (−2.43, 3.71) | −1.35 (−4.39, 1.69) | 0.369 | Ref | 0.47 (−2.59, 3.54) | 0.12 (−2.89, 3.14) | 0.938 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.78 (−2.27, 3.83) | −1.34 (−4.36, 1.67) | 0.367 | Ref | 0.54 (−2.50, 3.58) | 0.17 (−2.82, 3.17) | 0.912 |
| Endothelin-1 (pg/mL) | ||||||||
| Crude | Ref | 0.07 (−7.33, 7.49) | 4.31 (−3.10, 11.72) | 0.254 | Ref | 2.78 (−4.62, 10.19) | 5.25 (−2.15, 12.65) | 0.165 |
| Model 1 | Ref | 0.07 (−7.34, 7.48) | 5.18 (−2.37, 12.73) | 0.18 | Ref | 3.08 (−4.31, 10.47) | 5.78 (−1.60, 13.16) | 0.125 |
| Model 2 | Ref | −3.02 (−11.05, 4.99) | 5.68 (−2.28, 13.65) | 0.153 | Ref | 0.01 (−8.04, 8.06) | 5.07 (−2.84, 12.99) | 0.206 |
| Model 3 | Ref | −3.04 (−11.07, 4.99) | 5.68 (−2.28, 13.65) | 0.153 | Ref | 0.02 (−8.03, 8.07) | 5.08 (−2.83, 13.00) | 0.205 |
Data are presented as β (95% confidence interval) and obtained from linear regression. Crude, Unadjusted.
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake.
Model 2: Model 1+ dialysis adequacy, dialysis vintage, serum potassium, serum calcium, serum phosphorous, serum urea, albumin.
Model 3: Model 2 + body mass index.
hs-CRP, High-Sensitivity C Reactive Protein; sICAM, Serum Intercellular Adhesion Molecule; sVCAM, Serum Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule; MDA, Malondialdehyde; NO, Nitric Oxide; PRAL, Potential Renal Acid Load; NEAP, Net Endogenous Acid Production.