Fig. 3.

(A) Schematic illustration of experiments with a rat model. (B) Illustrations of the system components, the positions of the suture holes, and interface to the bladder. (C) Photograph showing the strain gauge sutured onto the outside surface on the bladder wall of a rat. (D and E) Chronic measurements from a rat model. Relative change in resistance of the strain gauge as a function of time at 2 and 4 wk postsurgery. (F) Urine volume validation setup in a rat model. (G) Plot of the relative change in resistance of the strain gauge as a function of time (black) and amount of urine determined using the filter paper method (red).