Table 3.
Coping mechanisms stratified by demographic characteristics showing mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the coping score within the levels of the demographic variables and P values§.
| Variables | Coping mechanisms | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Problem focused | Emotion focused | Avoidant coping | |
| Age | |||
| Pearson's correlation between age and coping (P value for Pearson's correlation)¥ | −0.101 (0.180) | −0.095 (0.202) | 0.094 (0.210) |
| Gender (P value§) | (0.517) | (0.001) | (0.007) |
| Male | 2.851 ± 0.585 | 2.386 ± 0.462 | 2.109 ± 0.544 |
| Female | 2.945 ± 0.562 | 2.625 ± 0.421 | 2.164 ± 0.465 |
| Other | 3.0 ± 0.530 | 2.708 ± 0.058 | 3.250 ± 0.353 |
| Highest level of education (P value§) | (0.055) | (0.004) | (0.044) |
| No degree | 3.187 ± 0.795 | 2.750 ± 0.471 | 2.375 ± 0.000 |
| Less than a high school diploma | 3.125 ± 0.000 | 3.083 ± 0.166 | 2.000 ± 0.433 |
| High school diploma or equivalent degree | 2.573 ± 0.869 | 2.568 ± 0.447 | 2.360 ± 0.607 |
| Vocational degree (BT, TS, etc.) | 3.139 ± 0.485 | 2.676 ± 0.338 | 2.404 ± 0.415 |
| University degree (bachelor's degree, master's degree) | 2.893 ± 0.536 | 2.483 ± 0.45716 | 2.124 ± 0.517 |
| Doctorate degree (Phd, MD, etc.) | 2.729 ± 0.558 | 2.354 ± 0.466 | 1.843 ± 0.406 |
| Current employment status (P value§) | (0.329) | (0.589) | (0.418) |
| Freelancer | 2.892 ± 0.461 | 2.431 ± 0.4309 | 2.232 ± 0.528 |
| Employed | 2.905 ± 0.577 | 2.542 ± 0.4760 | 2.137 ± 0.527 |
| Not employed, currently a student | 2.895 ± 0.462 | 2.472 ± 0.386 | 1.993 ± 0.462 |
| Not employed, looking for work | 2.906 ± 0.667 | 2.458 ± 0.274 | 2.484 ± 0.580 |
| Not employed, not looking for work | 2.583 ± 1.032 | 2.555 ± 0.569 | 2.145 ± 0.365 |
| Retired | 2.437 ± 0.795 | 2.250 ± 0.235 | 2.375 ± 0.530 |
| Disabled, not able to work | 2.125 ± 1.414 | 2.791 ± 0.530 | 2.062 ± 0.088 |
| Monthly income (P value§) | (0.545) | (0.002) | (0.521) |
| Less than $50 per month | 2.738 ± 0.759 | 2.545 ± 0.415 | 2.318 ± 0.341 |
| Between $50 and $100 per month | 2.994 ± 0.597 | 2.825 ± 0.301 | 2.148 ± 0.541 |
| Between $101 and $300 per month | 2.809 ± 0.641 | 2.470 ± 0.434 | 2.202 ± 0.496 |
| Between $301 and $500 per month | 2.943 ± 0.486 | 2.553 ± 0.444 | 2.083 ± 0.527 |
| Between $501 and $1000 per month | 2.996 ± 0.431 | 2.570 ± 0.392 | 2.218 ± 0.444 |
| More than $1000 per month | 2.753 ± 0.661 | 2.315 ± 0.532 | 2.055 ± 0.584 |
§ANOVA test was used to generate the P values. ¥P value for Pearson's correlation between age and each coping mechanism.