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. 2024 Apr 6;15:2974. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47289-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Top, HOIP domain- and tissue- interactome profiling indicates crucial regulatory functions and elaborate signaling networks of linear ubiquitination. Bottom-left, HOIP-mediated ILK linear ubiquitination promotes cell defense against Shigella flexneri infections. Bottom-right, HOIP-mediated SMURF1 linear ubiquitination antagonizes SMURF1-E2 interaction and thus promoting osteogenesis.