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. 2024 Apr 6;14:8107. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58782-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Anomalies of vertically integrated water vapor flux (vectors) and its divergence (colors) during November 2022 to February 2023. Only anomalies of divergence of vertically integrated water vapor flux higher (lower) than 0.1 are plotted. (b) November (n − 1)—February (n) temporal evolution of the meridional component of the vertical integrated moisture flux (VIMF; standardized values multiplied by − 1 or VIMFx-1) in the region 10° S–20° S and 71° W–60° W (black box in panel (a) for the period 1980–2023 period. (c) November 2022–February 2023 anomalies of specific humidity (colors) and meridional-vertical wind (vector) in a latitude–pressure level cross section averaged between 75 and 50° W. (d) November 2022–February 2023 anomalies of the specific humidity (colors) and zonal-vertical wind (vector) in a longitude–pressure level cross section between 10 and 20° S. Anomalies are computed considering the 1982–2020 climatological period. Black arrow in (b) outlines zones with predominance of southern wind anomalies. Green (blue) arrow in (c, d) outlines zones characterized by atmospheric downward motion (upward motion) anomalies. Only anomalies of the specific humidity higher (lower) than 0.2 g/kg (− 0.2 g/kg) are plotted. Red vertical lines in (d) indicate the boundaries of the Amazon basin (75° W–50° W). Data visualisations produced using Matlab 2023b (https://matlab.mathworks.com).