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. 2024 Apr 6;14:8107. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58782-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anomalies of vertical velocity w (Pa/s) at 500 hPa for the season June to October (JJASO) during the four major El Niños: (a) 1982, (b) 1997, (c) 2015 and (d) 2023. (e) 1980-2023 standardized values of vertical velocity averaged over the northern Amazonia (5° N–5° S; 50° W–75° W; dotted black box on Fig. 5b). Data visualisations for panels (a–d) produced using IDL v8 (https://www.nv5geospatialsoftware.com/Products/IDL). Data visualisations for panel (e) produced using Matlab 2023b (https://matlab.mathworks.com).