Table 3.

Molecules Inducing Apoptosis in MSCs and Corresponding Rescue Methods.

Pro-apoptotic molecules	Rescue methods	Mechanisms	Refs
Hypoxia/Serum deprivation	Overexpression of Lnc Tmem235	Regulate the miR-34a-3p/BIRC5 axis	[138]
	Andrographolide	Via NRF2 signaling pathway	[142]
	Overexpression of miR-21, miR-23a and miR-210		[165]
	Adjunction of adenosine triphosphate	prevent caspases 3/7 activation and modulate ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways	[166]
	BNIP3-mediated mitophagy	Promote fatty acid synthase -induced free fatty acid synthesis	[167]
	Overexpression of LncAABR07053481	Regulate the miR-664-2-5p/Notch1 pathway	[168]
H2O2	IL-11	Activate STAT3 signaling	[139]
	PGE1 pretreatment	Regulate the HIF pathway	[143]
	Overexpression of NMNAT3	Improve mitochondrial function and enhance antioxidative stress capacity by NMNAT3-NAD + -SIRT3 axis	[144]
	SDF-1 pretreatment	Activate the pro-survival AKT and ERK signaling pathways and upregulate Bcl-2/Bax ratio	[169]
	Overexpression of miR-210	Through antioxidation and c-Met pathway activation	[170]
	Exendin-4 pretreatment	Through the PI3K/AKT–secreted frizzled-related protein 2 pathway	[171]
	Melatonin/ Astaxanthin	Via NRF2 signaling pathway	[172, 173]
	Fucoxanthin	Through the PI3K/AKT/ NRF2 pathway	[174]
Dexamethasone	Baicalin	Active the hedgehog signaling pathway	[140]
	Eicosapentaenoic acid	Via GPR120-meditated induction of adaptive autophagy	[175]
Metformin		Facilitate osteogenesis and inhibit adipogenesis	[141]
LNC_000052	Upregulation of miR-96-5p	Via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway	[145]
Glutamate	Repress prostate apoptosis response-4 gene expression		[176]
TNF-α	Silence RUNX2	Inhibit caspase-3 activity and Bax expression	[177]
CoCl2 and SIN-1	Transfection of miR-302d	Inhibit CCL-5 expression	[178]
Diabetic serum	Blockade of the C5a/C5aR pathway	Down-regulation of FADD and the Bax/ Bcl-2 ratio	[179]
High glucose stress	AURKA	Transcriptional regulation for FOXO3a	[180]
Ropivacaine	Sufentanil	Regulate miR- 182-5p/BCL10/CYCS	[181]
Ionizing radiation	Redd1 overexpression	Attenuate mitochondrial ROS generation and promote cell autophagy	[182]
Methylprednisolone	Parkinson disease protein 7	Via NRF2 signaling pathway	[183]

MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, miR micro RNA, BIRC5 baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5, NRF2 Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2, ERK extracellular regulated protein kinases, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, BNIP3 Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3, H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide, PGE1 prostaglandin E2, HIF hypoxia-inducible factor, NMNAT3 nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 3, SDF-1 Stromal cell-derived factor 1, NAD⁺ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, SIRT3 Sirtuin 3, PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, GPR120 G protein coupled receptor 120, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, RUNX2 Runt-related transcription factor 2, CoCl₂ cobalt chloride, SIN-1 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride, CCL-5 C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, C5a/C5aR complement C5a/C5a receptor, FADD Fas-associated protein with death domain, Fas-L Fas ligand, BCL10 B-cell lymphoma/leukemia10, CYCS cytochrome c, somatic.