Table 2. Similarities and differences in the indications for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination from a cardiological perspective.

Indication for both vaccines	- Heart failure*, coronary artery disease with or without revascularization, valve replacement, moderate or severe valve disease, pulmonary hypertension, heart transplantation. - Congenital heart disease of any severity. - Individuals aged 65 years and older, regardless of comorbidities. - Comorbidities: mostly the same as for influenza vaccine (see below).
Exclusive indications for pneumococcal vaccine	- Active smoking of at least 15 pack-years, or former smokers of at least 10 pack-years if they quit within the last 10 years 29. - History of invasive pneumococcal disease. - Alcoholism. - Cochlear implants and cerebrospinal fluid leaks.
Exclusive indications for influenza vaccine	- Healthcare personnel - Obese individuals with a body mass index ≥40 kg/m²

*Regardless of ejection fraction