Table 1.

The GSDM family: expression, functions, and implications for disease

GSDM family	Gene and chromosomal location	Aliases	Activating enzyme	Expression in cells/tissues	Biological function	Associated diseases	Refs
GSDMA	Human: GSDMA (17q21.1) Mouse: Gsdma1–3 (11D)	GSDM1, FKSG9	SpeB caspase-1 (non-mammals)	Esophagus, prostate, bladder, skin, gastric epithelium, CD4 T	Tumor suppresser; pyroptosis	Systemic sclerosis, IBD, asthma, alopecia	2,19,145,147,209
GSDMB	Human: GSDMB (17q21.1) Mouse: None	GSDML, PP4052, or PRO2521	Caspase-1, granzyme A	Digestive system, reproductive system, respiratory system, skin, bladder, spleen, NK cells, CD4 T, CD8 T	Tumor suppresser; pyroptosis	Breast cancer, asthma, IBD	24,36,151,152,155,165–167
GSDMC	Human: GSDMC (8q24.21) Mouse: Gsdmc1-4 (15D1)	MLZE	Caspase-8	Esophagus, vagina, skin, spleen, trachea, small intestine, colon	Pyroptosis	Metastatic melanoma	17,35,169,176,529
GSDMD	Human: GSDMD (8q24.3) Mouse: Gsdmd (15D3-E1)	GSDMDC1, DFNA5L, or FKSG10	Caspase-1/4/5/11, caspase-8, cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase	The vast majority of human organs and tissues, different types of leukocytes and T cells	Pyroptosis, NETosis, cytokines release	Sepsis, AD, AS, ARDS, IBD, EAE, FMF, HCC	28,29,42,43,175,176,180,226,258,502
GSDME	Human: GSDME (7p15.3) Mouse: Gsdme (6B2.3)	ICERE-1, DFNA5	granzyme B Caspase-1/3/7 (teleosts)	Small intestine, cochlea, placenta, heart, brain, kidney	Pyroptosis, anti-tumor immunity, cytokines release	Deafness, cancer	16,33,34,47,183–186
DFNB59	Human: DFNB59 (2q31.2) Mouse: Dfnb59 (2C3)	PJVK, GSDMF	Not known	inner ear, liver, intestine, lung, kidney, brain, testis, CD4 T, CD8 T	Not known	Deafness	20,21,202,203

AD Alzheimer’s disease, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, AS atherosclerosis, EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, FMF familial Mediterranean fever, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, IBD inflammatory bowel disease