TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants between control and exercise group.
| Characteristics | Control group (n = 25) | Exercise group (n = 25) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex (%) | 52.0% | 68.0% | .248 |
| Duration of diabetes (month) | 61.00 ± 49.06 | 72.58 ± 54.38 | .437 |
| Age (years) | 46.56 ± 8.04 | 48.12 ± 9.04 | .522 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.11 ± 2.81 | 27.15 ± 3.09 | .967 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.28 ± 7.21 | 92.74 ± 6.64 | .815 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 98.12 ± 5.27 | 96.60 ± 5.55 | .325 |
| Thigh circumference (cm) | 48.62 ± 3.09 | 47.44 ± 3.92 | .243 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.70 ± 16.87 | 120.96 ± 13.76 | .691 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.40 ± 10.29 | 76.80 ± 9.25 | .829 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 22.12 ± 5.16 | 21.55 ± 4.80 | .689 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 28.76 ± 5.55 | 28.20 ± 4.78 | .708 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.03 ± 0.45 | 7.03 ± 0.48 | .976 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 6.77 ± 1.35 | 6.94 ± 1.61 | .692 |
| Fasting insulin (uU/ml) a | 11.02 (7.38–20.03) | 13.18 (9.59–17.02) | .765 |
| HOMA‐IR§ | 3.81 (2.36–5.44) | 4.08 (3.35–6.57) | .702 |
| HOMA‐β§ | 70.85 (49.95–130.86) | 78.50 (53.37–139.14) | .966 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) a | 33.00 (22.00–47.00) | 28.50 (21.75–57.25) | .441 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) a | 23.00 (18.00–28.00) | 22.00 (18.00–31.75) | .341 |
| γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) a | 30.00 (22.00–52.00) | 30.00 (23.50–55.50) | .829 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) a | 5.40 (4.70–6.35) | 5.45 (5.20–6.33) | .964 |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L) a | 65.90 (54.05–79.85) | 72.85 (64.83–78.78) | .219 |
| Serum uric acid (umol/L) | 349.79 ± 93.36 | 366.09 ± 79.52 | .524 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.73 ± 1.00 | 5.14 ± 0.97 | .147 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) a | 1.56 (1.18–2.37) | 1.71 (1.07–2.39) | .732 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) a | 0.96 (0.80–1.20) | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | .855 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) a | 2.72 (2.34–3.53) | 3.15 (2.73–4.04) | .064 |
| SFA (cm2) a | 214.40 (161.05–267.10) | 190.70 (163.25–267.15) | .681 |
| VFA (cm2) a | 128.80 (102.90–148.25) | 135.40 (115.60–151.35) | .522 |
| HSFA (cm2) a | 205.20 (176.70–248.00) | 196.30 (172.15–230.75) | .683 |
| HMA (cm2) a | 273.40 (243.90–296.05) | 259.40 (224.00–296.00) | .387 |
| LSFA (cm2) a | 41.17 (38.08–48.05) | 39.96 (35.05–43.40) | .260 |
| LMA (cm2) a | 126.90 (114.50–146.85) | 119.60 (103.85–152.65) | .644 |
| U‐TSFA (cm2) a | 190.00 (139.35–213.85) | 178.40 (143.65–189.15) | .860 |
| U‐TMA (cm2) a | 264.20 (227.00–315.70) | 263.60 (210.65–301.00) | .545 |
| M‐TSFA (cm2) a | 95.62 (75.35–125.95) | 92.29 (80.34–113.30) | .849 |
| M‐TMA (cm2) a | 238.70 (213.95–280.25) | 240.30 (198.50–277.40) | .791 |
| Liver fat (%) a | 11.48 (6.40–15.57) | 9.23 (4.73–14.15) | .495 |
Note: Data are mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: ASFA, abdominal subcutaneous fat area; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; HMA, hip muscle area; HSFA, hip subcutaneous fat area; LDL‐C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LMA, lower leg muscle area; LSFA, lower leg subcutaneous fat area; M‐TMA, mid‐thigh muscle area; M‐TSFA, mid‐thigh subcutaneous fat area; U‐TSFA, upper thigh subcutaneous fat area; U‐TMA, upper thigh muscle area; VFA, visceral fat area.
a
Loge‐transformed before analysis.