Table 2.

The cells and molecules in the table not only help PDAC to form immunosuppressive properties, but also have potential anti-tumor immunity.

Cell or molecule	Immunosuppressive	Antitumor effect	Refs.
myCAFs	Generating ECM to form dense matrix in TME	Potential anti-tumor properties	(37, 38)
M1-like macrophages	Maintaining chronic inflammatory state and promote malignant transformation	Expressing CD80, CD86 and iNOS, and enhancing the function of Th1	(49, 59)
TANs	Inducing chronic inflammation of tumor and increasing the proportion of Tregs cells and TAMs	Recruit CD8+T cells and up-regulating the expression of TNF-α and ROS	(61, 63)
Tregs	Suppressing costimulatory ligand, mediating IL-10 and TGF-β to inhibit CD8+T cells	The degree of infiltration of the subgroup expressing FOXP3 was positively correlated with the survival rate of patients	(158)
MCs	Promoting tumor and matrix, inhibiting anti-tumor cells	secreting IL-33	(137, 141)
Notch	Promoting vascular remodeling	Promoting aging of CAFs, differentiation of macrophages with M1 phenotype and activation of CD8+T cells	(55, 159)
TGF-β	cooperating with PD-1/PD-L1 to inhibit anti-tumor cells	Promoting Smad3 to Smad4 connection to transmit anti-tumor signals	(160, 161)
STING	Mediating IL-35 to promote the proliferation of Bregs and indirectly promoting the control of Bregs on NK cells	Inducing innate immune system and expressing IFN	(162)
TNFR2	Mediating NF-κB pathway to increase the level of PDL1, inhibiting cancer immunogenicity and accelerating tumor growth	Its increasing number related to the prognosis with high infiltration of CD8+T cells	(163)
adipocyte	Activating PSCs and recruiting TANs	Activating anti-tumor immunity by high adipocyte infiltration	(66, 164)
EVs	Serving as carrier to complete intercellular crosstalk in microenvironment	Potential therapeutic targets and safer drug carriers	(165, 166)