Table 2.
Cluster peak coordinates.
| Lobule | Contrast | Region1 | Coverage Area2 | Voxels | Z-max | x | y | z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WITHIN-GROUP ANALYSES | ||||||||
| Lob I-IV | ASD | Right lobules I-IV | Cerebellum: [bilateral] lobules V, VI, Crus I, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb, and IX, and vermis (VI, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIb, IX, X). Cerebrum: [bilateral] anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform cortex, intracalcarine cortex, supracalcarine cortex, occipital pole, cuneal cortex. Subcortical: brainstem, bilateral hippocampus and right thalamus. | 13239 | 10.4 | 14 | -40 | -18 |
| Left lobules I-IV | 10.2 | 0 | -48 | -10 | ||||
| [Left] Lobules I-IV/lobule V/precuneus | 8.39 | -6 | -54 | -4 | ||||
| [Left] Lingual Gyrus/precuneus | 6.55 | -10 | -54 | 2 | ||||
| Right precuneus | 6.3 | 18 | -56 | 14 | ||||
| Vermis VIIIa | 5.89 | 2 | -66 | -34 | ||||
| [Right] Posterior cingulate gyrus/occipital gyri | 5.63 | 14 | -48 | 2 | ||||
| Left precentral gyrus | Left postcentral gyrus | 982 | 5.07 | -16 | -28 | 72 | ||
| [Right] Precentral gyrus/white matter/paracentral lobule | 4.7 | 6 | -28 | 64 | ||||
| Right postcentral gyrus | 4.13 | 12 | -36 | 68 | ||||
| Lob V-VI | ASD | Left lobule VI/fusiform gyrus | Cerebellum: [bilateral] lobules I-IV, V, Crus I, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb, IX and X; and vermis (VI, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb, IX and X). Cerebrum: [bilateral] posterior parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, fusiform cortex, intracalcarine cortex, supracalcarine cortex, occipital pole, cuneal cortex, precuneus, lingual gyrus, inferior and superior lateral occipital cortex, inferior temporal gyrus (temporooccipital and posterior), right middle temporal gyrus (temporooccipital), superior parietal lobule. Subcortical: brainstem, right hippocampus/thalamus | 44568 | 11.5 | -24 | -58 | -22 |
| Right lobule VI/fusiform gyrus | 10.7 | 20 | -66 | -18 | ||||
| Right lobule V | 9.46 | 8 | -62 | -18 | ||||
| Left occipital fusiform gyrus | 9.28 | -34 | -78 | -14 | ||||
| Left lingual gyrus | 9.12 | -8 | -66 | -8 | ||||
| Left precentral gyrus | – | 1159 | 5.36 | -44 | -16 | 42 | ||
| Left postcentral gyrus | 5.01 | -52 | -18 | 48 | ||||
| [Left] White matter/anterior supramarginal gyrus/parietal operculum | 4.11 | -46 | -30 | 34 | ||||
| [Right] Postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus | – | 716 | 5.11 | 46 | -18 | 42 | ||
| White matter/right precentral gyrus/middle frontal gyrus | 3.57 | 30 | -10 | 48 | ||||
| Left supplementary motor cortex | – | 588 | 5.95 | 0 | -6 | 58 | ||
| [Right] Supplementary motor cortex/superior frontal gyrus | 4.29 | 4 | -4 | 74 | ||||
| Right anterior cingulate gyrus | 4.14 | 10 | 6 | 40 | ||||
| Left central opercular cortex | [Left] Planum temporale, Heschl’s gyrus | 280 | 5.02 | -46 | -20 | 18 | ||
| [Left] Central opercular cortex/precentral gyrus | 4.56 | -46 | -10 | 12 | ||||
| Left parietal operculum cortex | 4.18 | -34 | -30 | 20 | ||||
| White matter | 3.62 | -36 | -40 | 18 | ||||
| Left insular cortex | 3.6 | -34 | -20 | 20 | ||||
| [Right] Superior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus | – | 154 | 5.13 | 28 | -40 | 52 | ||
| Lob VIII | ASD | [Right] Lobule VIIIa/VIIIb | Cerebellum: [bilateral] lobules I-IV, V, VI, Crus I, Crus II, VIIb, IX and X; and vermis (VI, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb and IX). Cerebrum: [bilateral] lingual gyrus, occipital fusiform gyrus, inferior and superior lateral occipital cortex, intracalcarine cortex, left supracalcarine cortex, occipital pole, cuneal cortex, middle temporal gyrus (temporooccipital), right inferior temporal gyrus (temporooccipital). Subcortical: brainstem | 26379 | 10.1 | 26 | -54 | -56 |
| Left Lobule VIIIa | 9.81 | -32 | -40 | -50 | ||||
| Left Lobule VIIIb | 9.68 | -18 | -54 | -54 | ||||
| [Right] Superior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus | Right precuneus | 1684 | 5.97 | 28 | -42 | 70 | ||
| [Right] Superior lateral occipital cortex/superior parietal lobule | 5.52 | 12 | -56 | 70 | ||||
| White matter | 3.84 | 20 | -58 | 44 | ||||
| Left superior parietal lobule | Left postcentral gyrus | 1429 | 6.1 | -20 | -52 | 70 | ||
| Left superior lateral occipital cortex | 4.56 | -8 | -62 | 64 | ||||
| Left precuneus | 4.56 | -8 | -54 | 66 | ||||
| [Right] Parietal operculum cortex/superior temporal gyrus | Right planum temporale | 864 | 5.71 | 58 | -28 | 20 | ||
| White matter/right anterior supramarginal gyrus/parietal operculum | 5.18 | 54 | -32 | 34 | ||||
| Right anterior supramarginal gyrus | 4.02 | 68 | -24 | 26 | ||||
| Left parietal operculum cortex | – | 592 | 4.79 | -58 | -30 | 18 | ||
| [Left] Parietal operculum cortex/planum temporale | 4.63 | -64 | -32 | 26 | ||||
| [Left] Postcentral gyrus/anterior supramarginal gyrus | 3.52 | -46 | -28 | 36 | ||||
| [Left] Central opercular cortex/parietal operculum | 3.4 | -46 | -20 | 16 | ||||
| [Left] Supplementary Motor Cortex/paracentral lobule | – | 374 | 4.79 | -2 | -10 | 60 | ||
| Left precentral gyrus | 4.47 | -6 | -14 | 70 | ||||
| [Right] Precentral Gyrus/superior frontal gyrus | 3.94 | 20 | -14 | 70 | ||||
| Left precentral gyrus | Left insular cortex | 194 | 4.92 | -62 | 0 | 6 | ||
| Left central opercular cortex | 3.57 | -46 | -4 | 4 | ||||
| [Left] Planum polare/central opercular cortex | 3.53 | -52 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Lob I-IV | TD | Left lobules I-IV | Cerebellum: [bilateral] lobules V, VI, Crus I (left Crus I/left occipital fusiform cortex), Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb, IX, and right lobule X;, and vermis (VI, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb and IX). Cerebrum: [bilateral] anterior and posterior parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform cortex, intracalcarine cortex, supracalcarine cortex, cuneal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate gyrus, lingual gyrus; [left] posterior inferior temporal gyrus and temporal pole. Subcortical: bilateral hippocampus, left amygdala, brainstem | 15077 | 9.79 | -2 | -48 | -20 |
| Right lobules I-IV | 9.76 | 2 | -48 | -2 | ||||
| Vermis VIIIa/VIIb | 5.63 | 6 | -68 | -34 | ||||
| [Right] Precentral gyrus/paracentral lobule | Right superior parietal lobule | 1328 | 4.97 | 4 | -30 | 70 | ||
| Left postcentral gyrus | 4.89 | -12 | -36 | 70 | ||||
| Left precentral gyrus | 4.85 | -2 | -30 | 70 | ||||
| Right postcentral gyrus | 4.46 | 10 | -38 | 76 | ||||
| Right parietal operculum cortex | [Right] Heschl’s gyrus/insular cortex | 130 | 3.96 | 40 | -22 | 20 | ||
| Right planum temporale | 3.59 | 38 | -30 | 14 | ||||
| Lob V-VI | TD | Left lobule VI/occipital cortex | Cerebellum: [bilateral] lobules I-IV, V, Crus I, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb, IX, and X; and vermis (VI, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb and IX). Cerebrum: [bilateral] posterior parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, intracalcarine cortex, supracalcarine cortex, occipital pole, superior and inferior lateral occipital cortex, fusiform cortex, lingual gyrus, cuneal cortex, precuneus, middle temporal gyrus (temporooccipital), inferior temporal gyrus (temporooccipital and posterior). Subcortical: brainstem, right hippocampus | 44566 | 10.9 | -10 | -70 | -16 |
| Left lobule VI/fusiform cortex | 9.99 | -28 | -62 | -18 | ||||
| Right lobule VI/occipital cortex | 9.8 | 14 | -72 | -16 | ||||
| Vermis VI | 9.73 | 6 | -74 | -20 | ||||
| Left occipital fusiform gyrus | 9.28 | -36 | -68 | -18 | ||||
| Right lingual Gyrus | 9.21 | 18 | -64 | -12 | ||||
| Right postcentral gyrus | – | 552 | 4.82 | 32 | -34 | 70 | ||
| [Right] Superior lateral occipital cortex/superior parietal lobule | 4.17 | 28 | -58 | 60 | ||||
| Right precentral gyrus | – | 496 | 5.42 | 44 | -12 | 50 | ||
| Right Postcentral gyrus | 4.19 | 42 | -20 | 42 | ||||
| [Right] Anterior supramarginal gyrus/postcentral gyrus | 3.29 | 42 | -34 | 46 | ||||
| Left superior parietal lobule | Left postcentral gyrus | 334 | 4.56 | -30 | -46 | 62 | ||
| Left superior lateral occipital cortex | 3.89 | -20 | -60 | 62 | ||||
| Left parietal Operculum Cortex | Left anterior supramarginal gyrus | 159 | 4.18 | -46 | -38 | 24 | ||
| [Left] Parietal Operculum Cortex/superior temporal gyrus | 3.21 | -60 | -28 | 20 | ||||
| Right parietal operculum cortex | Right anterior supramarginal gyrus | 139 | 5.19 | 56 | -22 | 20 | ||
| [Right] Postcentral gyrus/central opercular cortex | 3.58 | 62 | -12 | 16 | ||||
| Lob VIII | TD | Right lobule VIIIb | Cerebellum: [bilateral] lobules I-IV, V, VI, Crus I, Crus II, VIIb, IX and X; and vermis (VI, Crus II, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb and IX). Cerebrum: [bilateral] postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, left posterior parahippocampal gyrus. parietal operculum cortex, planum temporale, right anterior and posterior supramarginal gyrus, lingual gyrus, fusiform cortex, intracalcarine cortex, supracalcarine cortex, occipital pole, inferior and superior lateral occipital cortex, cuneal cortex, precuneus, middle temporal gyrus (temporooccipital), inferior temporal gyrus (temporooccipital and left posterior). Subcortical: brainstem | 39782 | 10.3 | 22 | -48 | -54 |
| Right lobule VIIIa | 9.9 | 32 | -46 | -52 | ||||
| Left lobule VIIIb | 9.38 | -22 | -48 | -52 | ||||
| Left lobule VIIIa | 9.24 | -24 | -60 | -54 | ||||
| [Left] Anterior supramarginal cortex/parietal operculum cortex | [Left] Postcentral gyrus, central opercular cortex | 667 | 5.25 | -58 | -32 | 26 | ||
| [Left] Superior parietal lobule/postcentral gyrus/white matter | 162 | 4.49 | -32 | -40 | 44 | |||
| BETWEEN-GROUP ANALYSES | ||||||||
| Lob I-IV | ASD>TD | [Right] Hippocampus/thalamus (lateral pulvinar nucleus) | Right posterior parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus, brainstem; cerebellar [bilateral] lobules I-IV, left lobules V and IX, vermis IX and X | 542 | 3.6 | 20 | -32 | -6 |
| ASD>TD | White matter | – | 20 | 2.78 | 34 | -34 | 32 | |
| Lob V-VI | ASD>TD | White matter/right superior lateral occipital cortex | – | 17 | 2.6 | 26 | -64 | 32 |
| Lob V-VI | ASD<TD | Left crus II | Right crus II; bilateral crus I; right lobule VI; vermis VI and crus II | 576 | 4.2 | 0 | -82 | -34 |
| Lob VIII | ASD<TD | Right crus I | [Right] Cerebellar lobule VI, occipital fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, temporal occipital fusiform cortex | 448 | 3.41 | 52 | -66 | -28 |
| SOR ANALYSES | ||||||||
| Lob I-IV | SORneg | Supplementary motor cortex/bilateral superior frontal gyrus | – | 427 | 4.47 | 6 | -4 | 66 |
| Lob V-VI | SORneg | Right crus I | Right crus II | 653 | 4.04 | 42 | -66 | -38 |
| Lob VIII | SORneg | White matter | Lateral and medial prefrontal cortex | 433 | 4 | 18 | 30 | -2 |
| SORpos | Left precentral gyrus | [Left] Postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, precuneus | 910 | 4.03 | -14 | -30 | 68 | |
| SORpos | White matter/precuneus/paracentral lobule | [Left] Superior parietal lobule, superior lateral occipital cortex | 708 | 4.38 | -18 | -42 | 36 | |
1Regions listed in bold are peaks; those listed in italics are subpeaks within the same cluster as the coordinates above them.
2Additional regions covered by the cluster beyond the peak are described.
x, y, and z refer to the left–right, anterior–posterior, and inferior–superior dimensions, respectively; Z refers to the Z-score at those coordinates (local maxima or submaxima). Voxels indicate cluster size. Within- and between-group analyses are cluster corrected for multiple comparisons, z>3.1 (within-group) or z>2.3 (between-group and correlations with SOR), p<.05. ASD>TD and ASD<TD contrasts were masked by the ASD and TD within-group contrast, respectively, to display clusters that show greater positive connectivity in ASD compared to TD, and vice versa. ASD, autism spectrum disorder; TD, typically developing youth; SOR, sensory over-responsivity.