Fig. 3. Effect of Le on inactivation, attachment, internalization, replication, and release of PEDV. (A) Inactivation of PEDV. Four groups: (1). PEDV +Le (acting concentration 60 µg ml⁻¹); (2). PEDV +DMSO; (3). Le (acting concentration 60 µg ml⁻¹); and (4). DMSO were prepared and incubated at 37 °C for 3 and 5 h. Group one was mixed with group four and group two with group three, and the mixtures were added to Vero E6 cells inoculated in six-well plates. After incubation for a further 2 h at 37 °C, the culture supernatant was replaced with fresh DMEM and incubated for a further 10 h. Cells were washed with PBS, and mRNA levels of PEDV ORF3 were measured in the cells using qRT-PCR. (B) Virus attachment assay. (C) Virus internalization assay. (D) Virus replication assay. (E) Virus release assay.