Table 3.
Time-Stratified Characteristics of Patients With Dialysis-Requiring AKI, by Diabetes Status, in the United States 2000-2015
| DM | Value (95% CI)a |
Trend 1b |
Trend 2b |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | Year | Δ/yd | Year | Δ/yd | ||
| Characteristics | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Male sex | Y | 50.6 (47.1-54.0) | 51.9 (48.9-55.0) | 55.3 (53.0-57.5) | 57.1 (54.3-59.3) | 2000-2015 | 0.7%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 58.9 (56.4-61.3) | 58.6 (56.6-60.6) | 58.3 (56.5-60.0) | 60.1 (58.2-61.0) | 2000-2015 | 0.0% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Age, y | Y | 64.7 (63.8-65.7) | 64.2 (63.4-65.0) | 64.3 (63.7-65.0) | 64.9 (64.4-65.1) | 2000-2006 | −0.4% | 2006-2015 | 0.1% |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 62.3 (61.1-63.4) | 63.0 (61.9-64.0) | 63.1 (62.4-63.9) | 63.3 (62.7-64.0) | 2000-2015 | 0.0% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Hospitalization duration, d | Y | 11.0 (6.0-17.0) | 9.0 (5.0-15.0) | 9.0 (5.0-14.0) | 9.0 (6.0-14.0) | —e | |||
|
| |||||||||
| N | 10.0 (6.0-18.0) | 11.0 (7.0-18.0) | 11.0 (6.0-18.0) | 11.0 (7.0-19.0) | —e | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Cardiac procedures | Y | 16.3 (13.6-19.3) | 13.2 (11.0-15.9) | 10.3 (8.5-12.4) | 13.8 (12.2-15.7) | 2000-2009 | −5.0%d | 2009-2015 | 5.2%d |
| N | 13.3 (11.1-15.9) | 11.8 (10.3-13.6) | 10.7 (9.2-12.4) | 14.3 (12.8-15.9) | 2000-2009 | −1.3%d | 2009-2015 | 4.2%d | |
|
| |||||||||
| Comorbid Conditions | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| CCI score 0-2 | Y | 39.3 (35.7-43.0) | 39.7 (36.4-43.1) | 36.8 (34.7-39.0) | 38.9 (36.6-41.2) | 2000-2015 | −0.0% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 48.5 (45.9-51.2) | 45.0 (43.0-47.1) | 41.7 (40.0-43.7) | 41.6 (39.7-43.5) | 2000-2015 | −0.8%d | NA | ||
|
| |||||||||
| CCI score 3-5 | Y | 55.5 (51.5-59.4) | 54.7 (51.4-58.0) | 57.4 (55.3-59.6) | 56.6 (54.2-58.9) | 2000-2015 | −0.1% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 42.1 (39.5-44.7) | 45.1 (42.9-47.2) | 48.3 (46.5-50.1) | 47.4 (45.5-49.4) | 2000-2010 | 1.0%d | 2010-2015 | −0.3% | |
|
| |||||||||
| CCI score 6-8 | Y | 3.6 (2.6-5.1) | 4.2 (3.3-5.3) | 4.2 (3.5-5.1) | 3.1 (2.4-4.0) | 2000-2015 | −0.1% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 6.6 (5.5-79) | 6.5 (5.6-7.8) | 6.9 (6.0-7.8) | 7.2 (6.3-8.3) | 2000-2015 | 0.5% | NA | ||
|
| |||||||||
| CCI score ≥9 | Y | 1.6 (0.9-2.8) | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | 1.5 (1.0-2.2) | 2000-2009 | 4.4%d | 2009-2015 | −4.7% |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 2.8 (2.0-3.7) | 3.4 (2.8-4.2) | 3.1 (2.6-3.8) | 3.7 (3.1-4.5) | 2000-2015 | 1.7%d | NA | ||
|
| |||||||||
| HTN | Y | 18.8 (16.2-21.7) | 14.7 (12.5-17.1) | 9.8 (8.7-11.2) | 9.1 (7.8-10.6) | 2000-2009 | −7.2%d | 2009-2015 | −1.4% |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 14.6 (12.7-16.6) | 11.8 (10.5-13.3) | 10.6 (9.4-11.8) | 10.4 (9.3-11.7) | 2000-2015 | −2.0%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| MI | Y | 13.3 (10.7-16.3) | 9.6 (8.0-11.4) | 10.8 (9.6-12.2) | 8.6 (7.4-9.9) | 2000-2015 | −2.6%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 9.6 (8.3-11.2) | 9.6 (8.4-10.8) | 10.3 (9.3-11.5) | 8.9 (7.8-10.1) | 2000-2015 | −0.9%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| CHF | Y | 55.4 (51.6-59.1) | 47.5 (44.1-50.9) | 45.1 (43.0-472) | 46.3 (43.9-48.6) | 2000-2015 | −1.3%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 39.3 (36.7-41.9) | 39.2 (37.0-41.5) | 35.4 (33.7-37.1) | 36.2 (34.3-38.3) | 2000-2015 | −0.7%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| PVD | Y | 12.7 (10.6-15.2) | 10.3 (8.7-12.2) | 11.3 (9.9-12.8) | 9.9 (8.6-11.4) | 2000-2015 | −1.1%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 6.8 (5.7-8.2) | 7.0 (6.0-8.2) | 8.5 (7.6-9.6) | 8.3 (7.3-9.4) | 2000-2015 | 0.0% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| CBVD | Y | 6.5 (5.0-8.4) | 4.2 (3.3-5.5) | 6.5 (5.6-7.5) | 6.0 (5.0-7.2) | 2000-2015 | 0.3% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 6.7 (5.5-8.1) | 4.1 (3.4-5.0) | 5.9 (5.2-6.7) | 6.8 (5.9-7.9) | 2000-2015 | 1.2% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Dementia | Y | 0.5 (0.2-1.3) | 0.8 (0.4-1.4) | 1.4 (0.9-1.9) | 0.6 (0.3-1.1) | 2000-2015 | −1.9% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 1.4 (1.0-1.9) | 2000-2015 | 1.2% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | Y | 17.6 (15.2-20.3) | 21.1 (18.7-23.6) | 23.9 (22.1-25.9) | 23.9 (22.0-26.0) | 2000-2015 | 1.5%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 19.3 (17.4-21.5) | 22.1 (20.3-24.0) | 19.1 (17.5-20.9) | 20.2 (18.7-21.9) | 2000-2015 | 0.0% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Peptic ulcer disease | Y | 2.2 (1.4-3.5) | 1.8 (1.2-2.7) | 1.7 (1.3-2.4) | 1.5 (1.0-2.2) | 2000-2015 | −1.9% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 2.0 (1.5-2.8) | 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | 1.9 (1.5-2.5) | 2.0 (1.6-2.6) | 2000-2015 | 0.9% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Rheumatic disease | Y | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) | 1.6 (1.0-2.4) | 1.4 (1.0-1.9) | 1.4 (0.9-2.0) | 2000-2015 | 3.5%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 3.8 (2.9-4.9) | 3.1 (2.4-3.8) | 3.4 (2.9-4.1) | 2.7 (2.1-3.4) | 2000-2015 | −0.2% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Mild liver disease | Y | 5.6 (4.2-7.3) | 6.4 (5.2-7.8) | 7.6 (6.6-8.7) | 7.5 (6.3-8.9) | 2000-2015 | 3.2%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 11.0 (9.5-12.6) | 12.4 (11.0-14.0) | 15.6 (14.0-17.3) | 18.3 (16.9-19.8) | 2000-2015 | 3.3%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Moderate or severe liver disease | Y | 2.0 (1.2-3.2) | 2.0 (1.3-3.0) | 2.9 (2.3-3.6) | 2.7 (2.0-3.5) | 2000-2015 | 3.8%d | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 4.0 (3.1-5.2) | 4.0 (3.1-5.1) | 7.2 (6.2-8.4) | 8.0 (7.0-9.2) | 2000-2015 | 5.4%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | Y | 1.0 (0.6-2.0) | 0.4 (0.2-1.0) | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) | 1.0 (0.6-1.6) | 2000-2015 | 1.7% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 0.9 (0.5-1.4) | 0.7 (0.4-1.1) | 1.7 (1.3-2.1) | 1.8 (1.3-2.3) | 2000-2015 | 7.4%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Kidney disease | Y | 63.3 (61.5-68.9) | 73.4 (70.2-76.3) | 79.3 (77.6-81.0) | 76.6 (74.5-78.5) | 2000-2008 | 2.5%d | 2008-2015 | −0.5% |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 48.4 (45.1-51.7) | 55.6 (53.3-57.9) | 60.7 (58.5-62.8) | 57.8 (55.9-59.8) | 2000-2015 | 1.0%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Malignancyc | Y | 5.6 (4.2-7.5) | 4.5 (3.4-5.8) | 6.0 (5.1-6.9) | 5.0 (4.1-6.1) | 2000-2015 | 0.4% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 10.5 (9.1-12.0) | 12.0 (10.6-13.6) | 10.3 (9.2-11.5) | 12.4 (11.2-13.7) | 2000-2015 | 0.9%d | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Metastatic solid tumor | Y | 2.0 (1.2-3.4) | 1.9 (1.3-2.7) | 1.7 (1.2-2.4) | 1.5 (1.0-2.2) | 2000-2015 | 1.1% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 3.4 (2.6-4.5) | 4.5 (3.8-5.4) | 3.9 (3.3-4.6) | 4.8 (4.0-5.7) | 2000-2015 | 0.9% | |||
|
| |||||||||
| HIV/AIDS | Y | 0.5 (0.2-1.2) | 0.6 (0.3-1.1) | 0.4 (0.2-0.8) | 0.4 (0.2-0.9) | 2000-2015 | −1.1% | NA | |
|
| |||||||||
| N | 3.4 (2.6-4.5) | 2.4 (1.9-3.1) | 1.3 (1.2-2.3) | 1.3 (1.0-1.8) | 2000-2015 | −5.7%d | |||
Abbreviations: Δ/y, annual change; AKI, acute kidney injury; CBVD, cerebrovascular disease; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HTN, hypertension; MI, myocardial infarction; N, no; NA, no second/third trend identified; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; Y, yes.
Data sources: National Center for Health Statistics and National Inpatient Sample.
a
Data are reported as proportions, except age (mean) and hospitalization duration (median); values in parentheses are 95% CIs.
b
Indicates the year in which linear trends change in either direction or magnitude.
c
Except malignant neoplasm of skin.
d
P < 0.05.
e
Linear trend not assessed because data are not normally distributed.