Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Decliners (n = 8) and Non-decliners (n = 12)
| N | Overall (N = 20) |
Evolution of MMSE | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No decline (N = 12) |
Decline (N = 8) |
p Value | |||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 20 | 77.0 (5.4) | 78.3 (5.3) | 74.9 (5.0) | .153 |
| Female, n (%) | 20 | 10 (50%) | 6 (50%) | 4 (50%) | 1.000 |
| Education, n (%) | |||||
| No diploma or primary certificate | 19 | 5 (26%) | 3 (27%) | 2 (25%) | .921 |
| Secondary education | 6 (32%) | 4 (36%) | 2 (25%) | ||
| High school diploma | 3 (16%) | 1 (9%) | 2 (25%) | ||
| University level | 5 (26%) | 3 (27%) | 2 (25%) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Asthma/COPD | 20 | 1 (5%) | 0 (0) | 1 (13%) | .400 |
| Diabetes | 3 (15%) | 2 (17%) | 1 (13%) | 1.000 | |
| Hypertension | 10 (50%) | 5 (42%) | 5 (63%) | .650 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 10 (50%) | 5 (42%) | 5 (63%) | .650 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 3 (15%) | 1 (8%) | 2 (25%) | .537 | |
| Stroke | 1 (5%) | 0 (0) | 1 (13%) | .400 | |
| Heart failure | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | |
| Active cancer | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 20 | 25.7 (2.6) | 26.1 (2.7) | 25.1 (2.5) | .375 |
| GDS score (0–15), mean (SD) | 20 | 3.1 (2.3) | 3.3 (2.9) | 2.9 (1.2) | .938 |
| MMSE score (0–30), mean (SD) | 20 | 27.0 (1.6) | 26.9 (1.5) | 27.1 (1.8) | .665 |
| FCSRT score, mean (SD) | |||||
| Free recall (0–48) | 20 | 26.8 (6.4) | 28.1 (4.6) | 24.9 (8.4) | .438 |
| Total recall (0–48) | 20 | 45.8 (3.9) | 46.8 (1.2) | 44.1 (5.9) | .219 |
| Delayed free recall (0–16) | 20 | 9.8 (2.6) | 10.3 (2.0) | 9.1 (3.3) | .350 |
| Delayed total recall (0–16) | 20 | 15.6 (1.1) | 15.8 (0.4) | 15.1 (1.7) | .284 |
| TMT Part A, mean (SD) | 20 | 48.7 (12.4) | 47.0 (13.4) | 51.3 (11.2) | .462 |
| TMT Part B, mean (SD) | 20 | 122.5 (36.4) | 121.3 (33.3) | 124.3 (43.1) | .908 |
| WAIS-R, mean (SD) | 20 | 33.1 (5.7) | 33.2 (6.4) | 32.9 (4.9) | .938 |
| COWAT score, mean (SD) | 20 | 18.7 (5.3) | 18.5 (6.5) | 19.0 (3.3) | .816 |
| CNT score, mean (SD) | 20 | 24.5 (6.5) | 26.1 (6.6) | 22.1 (5.8) | .245 |
| CDR score, n (%) | |||||
| Score 0 | 20 | 8 (40%) | 4 (33%) | 4 (50%) | .648 |
| Score 0.5 | 12 (60%) | 8 (67%) | 4 (50%) | ||
| SPPB score (0–12), mean (SD) | 19 | 10.2 (1.6) | 9.7 (1.8) | 10.8 (1.0) | .234 |
| Gait speed (m/s), mean (SD) | 19 | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | .772 |
| Chair stand time (sec), mean (SD) | 19 | 10.9 (3.4) | 11.8 (3.6) | 9.8 (3.0) | .173 |
| Balance test (0–4), mean (SD) | 20 | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.6 (0.7) | .440 |
| Handgrip strength (kg), mean (SD) | 18 | 28.8 (11.6) | 29.4 (10.1) | 27.5 (15.2) | .606 |
| Fried frailty phenotype, n (%) | |||||
| Robust (0/5) | 17 | 8 (47%) | 6 (55%) | 2 (33%) | .620 |
| Pre-frail (1–2/5) | 9 (53%) | 5 (45%) | 4 (67%) | ||
| Frail (≥3/5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| APOE status | |||||
| ε2 | 17 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .762 |
| ε2/ε3 | 1 (6%) | 1 (10%) | 0 (0) | ||
| ε2/ε4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| ε3 | 11 (65%) | 7 (70%) | 4 (57%) | ||
| ε3/ε4 | 5 (29%) | 2 (20%) | 3 (43%) | ||
| ε4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| APOE ε4 carrier (ε2/ε4, ε3/ε4, ε4), n (%) | 17 | 5 (29%) | 2 (20%) | 3 (43%) | .593 |
| Cortical SUVR, mean (SD) | 12 | 1.34 (0.16) | 1.27 (0.17) | 1.41 (0.14) | .298 |
| SUVR positive (≥1.17), n (%) | 12 | 10 (83%) | 4 (67%) | 6 (100%) | .455 |
| Plasma amyloid-beta, mean (SD) | 20 | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.01) | .557 |
| Follow-up length (y) | 20 | 4.3 (1.3) | 4.7 (0.8) | 3.6 (1.6) | .094 |
Notes: APOE = Apolipoprotein E; BMI = body mass index; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating scale; CNT = Category Naming Test; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COWAT = Controlled Oral Word Association Test; FCSRT = Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; MAPT = Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; SD = standard deviation; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; SUVR = standard uptake value ratio; TMT = Trail Making Test; WAIS-R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised.
p Values determined using Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables or using Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables.