Table 1.
Selected Characteristics of HIV-positive Women of Childbearing Age (18-44 years) in Care by Drinking Status – Medical Monitoring Project, 2013–2014.
| Total | Non-drinkinga | Current/non-binge drinkingb | Binge drinkingc | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | n | %d | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | p-valuee |
| Total | 946 | 574 | 60.6 (57.3-63.9) | 272 | 29.0 (26.4-31.6) | 100 | 10.4 (8.4-12.4) | ||
| Age at interview, in years | 0.14 | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 172 | 19.3 (16.3-22.3) | 95 | 55.1 (45.4-64.7) | 56 | 32.2 (23.1-41.3) | 21 | 12.7 (8.6-16.8) | |
| 30–39 | 409 | 44.2 (40.6-47.9) | 250 | 60.1 (55.1-65.2) | 124 | 31.4 (26.6-36.2) | 35 | 8.4 (6.1-10.7) | |
| 40–44 | 365 | 36.5 (32.3-40.7) | 229 | 64.1 (58.8-69.5) | 92 | 24.4 (20.8-28.0) | 44 | 11.5 (7.1-15.9) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.12 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 595 | 61.6 (53.5-69.6) | 361 | 61.1 (57.0-65.1) | 179 | 30.4 (27.0-33.8) | 55 | 8.5 (6.5-10.5) | |
| Hispanic or Latinof | 179 | 18.8 (10.7-26.8) | 111 | 61.8 (52.4-71.1) | 48 | 27.7 (18.1-37.3) | 20 | 10.5 (5.1-15.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 135 | 15.6 (11.8-19.4) | 81 | 59.3 (49.3-69.4) | 37 | 27.3 (19.5-35.2) | 17 | 13.3 (5.8-20.9) | |
| Otherg | 37 | 4.1 (2.0-6.2) | 21 | 53.6 (38.2-69.0) | 8 | — h | 8 | — h | |
| Highest educational attainment | 0.02 | ||||||||
| <High school | 257 | 27.2 (24.3-30.1) | 172 | 67.5 (60.9-74.2) | 56 | 22.7 (18.3-27.1) | 29 | 9.8 (4.7-14.9) | |
| High school graduate or GED | 307 | 33.6 (29.4-37.8) | 190 | 60.7 (52.1-69.4) | 77 | 26.0 (20.9-31.0) | 40 | 13.3 (7.9-18.7) | |
| >High school | 381 | 39.2 (34.8-43.5) | 212 | 55.8 (51.3-60.3) | 138 | 36.0 (31.0-40.9) | 31 | 8.3 (5.7-10.8) | |
| Living at or below federal poverty level i | <0.01 | ||||||||
| No | 267 | 29.8 (25.6-34.0) | 135 | 48.6 (42.0-55.1) | 107 | 41.8 (35.4-48.2) | 25 | 9.6 (6.3-12.9) | |
| Yes | 625 | 70.2 (66.0-74.4) | 403 | 65.2 (60.5-69.9) | 153 | 24.2 (20.3-28.1) | 69 | 10.6 (7.3-13.8) | |
| Health insurance coverage | <0.01 | ||||||||
| Any private insurance | 181 | 19.3 (15.6-23.0) | 95 | 51.2 (44.3-58.1) | 72 | 41.6 (35.1-48.1) | 14 | 7.2 (3.7-10.8) | |
| Any public insurancej | 594 | 62.5 (56.5-68.4) | 369 | 62.3 (57.5-67.2) | 154 | 25.6 (21.8-29.5) | 71 | 12.0 (9.2-14.9) | |
| Ryan White coverage only or Uninsured | 171 | 18.2 (13.5-22.9) | 110 | 64.8 (58.0-71.5) | 46 | 27.2 (20.6-33.9) | 15 | 8.0 (4.5-11.5) | |
| Experienced homelessness k | 0.30 | ||||||||
| No | 859 | 90.8 (88.1-93.5) | 522 | 60.8 (57.3-64.3) | 251 | 29.3 (26.5-32.1) | 86 | 9.9 (8.0-11.8) | |
| Yes | 87 | 9.2 (6.5-11.9) | 52 | 59.1 (49.3-68.9) | 21 | 26.0 (16.4-35.5) | 14 | 14.9 (7.4-22.4) | |
| Pregnancy since HIV diagnosis | 0.70 | ||||||||
| No | 524 | 56.2 (53.0-59.5) | 323 | 61.4 (57.7-65.2) | 144 | 27.9 (24.3-31.5) | 57 | 10.6 (8.1-13.2) | |
| Yes | 421 | 43.8 (40.5-47.0) | 250 | 59.5 (53.8-65.1) | 128 | 30.5 (26.1-34.8) | 43 | 10.1 (6.9-13.2) | |
| Unplanned pregnancy l | 0.30 | ||||||||
| No | 95 | 21.7 (17.5-25.8) | 61 | 63.8 (55.8-71.9) | 28 | 29.9 (22.7-37.2) | 6 | h | |
| Yes | 325 | 78.3 (74.2-82.5) | 188 | 58.1 (51.6-64.6) | 100 | 30.7 (25.3-36.1) | 37 | 11.1 (7.7-14.6) | |
| Number of live births l | 0.33 | ||||||||
| None | 75 | 17.9 (14.3-21.5) | 42 | 54.4 (42.9-66.0) | 22 | 31.3 (20.9-41.7) | 11 | 14.3 (6.2-22.4) | |
| ≥1 | 345 | 82.1 (78.5-85.7) | 207 | 60.4 (54.5-66.4) | 106 | 30.4 (25.3-35.4) | 32 | 9.2 (6.3-12.0) | |
| Current smoker | <0.01 | ||||||||
| No | 647 | 68.0 (63.6-72.3) | 426 | 66.0 (62.7-69.3) | 183 | 28.2 (25.1-31.3) | 38 | 5.8 (4.1-7.4) | |
| Yes | 298 | 32.0 (27.7-36.4) | 148 | 49.4 (42.2-56.5) | 88 | 30.5 (24.6-36.3) | 62 | 20.2 (14.9-25.4) | |
| Any drug use m | <0.01 | ||||||||
| No | 760 | 80.3 (75.7-84.8) | 498 | 65.3 (61.9-68.7) | 208 | 28.0 (24.8-31.2) | 54 | 6.7 (5.1-8.3) | |
| Yes | 186 | 19.7 (15.2-24.3) | 76 | 41.7 (35.6-47.9) | 64 | 33.0 (26.9-39.1) | 46 | 25.3 (19.6-31.0) | |
| Had any condomless sex with at least one negative or unknown male partner | <0.01 | ||||||||
| No | 736 | 81.2 (77.9-84.5) | 464 | 63.1 (59.4-66.8) | 202 | 27.9 (24.8-31.1) | 70 | 9.0 (7.0-11.0) | |
| Yes | 178 | 18.8 (15.5-22.1) | 89 | 49.3 (42.1-56.5) | 63 | 35.3 (27.5-43.1) | 26 | 15.4 (9.0-21.8) | |
| Needed drug or alcohol counselling or treatment services n | <0.01 | ||||||||
| No | 868 | 92.2 (89.3-95.1) | 529 | 60.9 (57.9-64.0) | 259 | 30.2 (27.4-33.1) | 80 | 8.8 (7.0-10.7) | |
| Yes | 77 | 7.8 (4.9-10.7) | 45 | 57.3 (43.2-71.3) | 12 | 14.3 (7.9-20.7) | 20 | 28.5 (16.4-40.5) | |
| HIV disease stage o,p | 0.40 | ||||||||
| Stage 1 (HIV) | 120 | 13.1 (10.6-15.5) | 65 | 53.1 (38.7-67.4) | 39 | 32.5 (22.0-43.0) | 16 | 14.4 (6.7-22.2) | |
| Stage 2 (HIV) | 275 | 29.0 (25.5-32.5) | 172 | 62.3 (57.2-67.3) | 73 | 26.8 (21.9-31.7) | 30 | 10.9 (7.4-14.4) | |
| Stage 3 (AIDS) | 549 | 57.9 (54.0-61.9) | 336 | 61.5 (57.7-65.4) | 159 | 29.3 (25.8-32.8) | 54 | 9.2 (7.0-11.4) | |
| ART adherent q | <0.01 | ||||||||
| No | 196 | 21.4 (17.6-25.2) | 100 | 49.3 (40.3-58.3) | 63 | 31.8 (24.6-39.1) | 33 | 18.8 (12.9-24.8) | |
| Yes | 726 | 78.6 (74.8-82.4) | 458 | 63.3 (59.9-66.7) | 201 | 28.3 (25.1-31.6) | 67 | 8.4 (6.2-10.6) | |
| Virally suppressed o,r | 0.04 | ||||||||
| No | 263 | 27.7 (24.2-31.2) | 144 | 55.0 (49.9-60.1) | 83 | 31.4 (26.6-36.3) | 36 | 13.6 (8.7-18.4) | |
| Yes | 683 | 72.3 (68.8-75.8) | 430 | 62.8 (59.0-66.6) | 189 | 28.1 (24.7-31.5) | 64 | 9.2 (7.3-11.0) | |
Abbreviations: n = unweighted sample size; ART = Antiretroviral therapy; CI = Confidence interval; GED = General Education Development Bold indicates significance at p<0.05.
Time period: In the past 12 months, unless otherwise noted. All measures are self-reported unless otherwise noted.
Defined as women who did not report drinking any alcohol in the past 30 days.
Defined as women who reported consuming ≥1 drink in the past 30 days and did not report consuming ≥4 drinks in a sitting.
Defined as women who reported consuming ≥4 drinks during at least one sitting in the past 30 days.
Percentages are weighted column percentages.
Chi-square p-value is based on the Rao-Scott chi-square.
Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race.
Other includes multi-racial groups, other racial groups, and missing racial groups.
Estimates are considered to be unstable and are not reported when the coefficient of variation >0.30 and n<10.
The number and percentage of participants meeting current poverty guidelines were determined using the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services poverty guidelines that corresponded to the calendar year about which the combined household income was asked.
Public insurance includes Medicare, Medicare, Medicare or Medicaid with Ryan White, or any local or nationally funded health insurance.
Homelessness was defined as having lived on the street, in a shelter, in a single room occupancy hotel, or in a car in the past 12 months.
Among all women who reported having had ≥1 pregnancy since first HIV diagnosis.
Drug use includes non-injection and injection use for non-medical reasons.
Needed drug or alcohol counselling or treatment services is defined as patients who responded affirmatively that they needed drug or alcohol counselling or treatment services in the past 12 months. Among those who responded affirmatively that they needed the services (n=77), 66/77 (85.7%) responded that they needed and received drug or alcohol counselling or treatment services in the past 12 months; 11/77 (11.3%) responded that they needed and did not receive drug or alcohol counselling or treatment services in the past 12 months.
Based on medical record abstraction data in the past 12 months prior to interview.
The stages are defined as follows: Stage 1 (HIV) – no AIDS and nadir CD4>=500 copies/μL (or CD4% >=29); Stage 2 (HIV) – no AIDS and nadir CD4 count between 200–499 copies/μL (or CD4% 14-<29); and Stage 3 (AIDS) – AIDS or nadir CD4 between 0–199 copies/μL (or CD4% <14%).
ART adherent was defined as patients who self-report that they are currently taking ART and were 100% dose adherent in the past 3 days. A patient is defined as 100% adherent if they took their ART doses or set of pills/spoonfuls/injections of ART medications as prescribed by a health care provider in the last 3 days. Otherwise, they were considered as not adherent.
Recent viral suppression is defined as the most recent viral load in the past 12 months prior to the interview as undetectable or <200 copies/ml. This information is based on data as recorded by medical record abstraction.