Table 1.

Demographic information for the six groups of participants.

Demographics	Class III CB	Class III AOB	Class II CB	Class II AOB	Class I AOB	Control
Age in years (M)	20.3 (n = 109)	21.1 (n = 44)	20.4 (n = 46)	22.2 (n = 17)	20.7 (n = 7)	22.2 (n = 61)
Age in years (range)	12–53	14–40	14–38	13–35	15–33	15–38
Gender	50.5% Female (n = 55)	65.9% Female (n = 29)	56.5% Female (n = 26)	58.8% Female (n = 10)	71.4% Female (n = 5)	63.9% Female (n = 39)
	49.5% Male (n = 54)	34.1% Male (n = 15)	43.5% Male (n = 20)	41.2% Male (n = 7)	28.6% Male (n = 2)	36.1% Male (n = 22)
Race	35.8% African American (n = 39)	36.4% African American (n = 16)	4.3% African American (n = 2)	29.4% African American (n = 5)	57.1% African American (n = 4)	14.75% African American (n = 9)
	8.3% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 9)	9.1% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 4)	2.2% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 1)	5.9% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 1)	0% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 0)	16.4% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 10)
	52.3% Caucasian (n = 57)	50.0% Caucasian (n = 22)	93.5% Caucasian (n = 43)	64.7% Caucasian (n = 11)	42.9% Caucasian (n = 3)	68.85% Caucasian (n = 42)
	1.8% Native American (n = 2)	0% Native American (n = 0)	0% Native American (n = 0)	0% Native American (n = 0)	0% Native American (n = 0)	0% Native American (n = 0)
	1.8% Other (n = 2)	4.5% Other (n = 2)	0% Other (n = 0)	0% Other (n = 0)	0% Other (n = 0)	0% Other (n = 0)
Ethnicity	12.8% Hispanic (n = 14)	11.4% Hispanic (n = 5)	6.5% Hispanic (n = 3)	0% Hispanic (n = 0)	0% Hispanic (n = 0)	9.8% Hispanic (n = 6)
	87.2% non-Hispanic (n = 95)	88.6% non-Hispanic (n = 39)	93.5% non-Hispanic (n = 43)	100% non-Hispanic (n = 17)	100% non-Hispanic (n = 7)	90.2% non-Hispanic (n = 55)
Bonded labial appliances (currently in braces)	45.9% (n = 50)	63.6% (n = 28)	56.5% (n = 26)	35.3% (n = 6)	42.9% (n = 3)	16.4% (n = 10)
Overjet mean, range (in mm)	−3.7, −13 to 3	−3.3, −17 to 2	7.9, 4 to 18	6.6, 1 to 15	3.1, 0 to 11	2.3, 1 to 5.5
Overbite mean, range (in mm)	1.9, 0 to 6	−3.0, −9 to 0	4.7, 0 to 12	−3.9, −12 to 1	−6.1, −1 to −10	2.3, 1 to 4
Ceph mean, ranges:
ANB mean, range (in degrees)	−3.7 (range: −12.0 to 6.8)	−1.8 (range: −12.8 to 5.9)	5.6 (range: −0.3 to 12.9)	5.6 (range: 1.8 to 11.5)	4.0 (range: 2.2 to 7.2)	N/A
IMPA (in degrees)	84.4 (range: 61.5 to 102.9)	87.8 (range: 62.8 to 104.5)	94.6 (range: 75.8 to 116.1)	91.4 (range: 79.2 to 114.4)	93.6 (range: 72.1 to 101.5)	N/A
Wits (mm)	−10.4 (range: −23.0 to 4.1)	−9.9 (range: −21.6 to −1.7)	6.0 (range: −1.6 to 14.8)	1.6 (range: −8.6 to 12.1)	−0.1 (range: −3.5 to 4.6)	N/A
FMA (in degrees)	23.4 (range: 8.8 to 49.0)	28.0 (range: 13.5 to 64.6)	23.6 (range: 2.5 to 45.3)	32.4 (range: 20.6 to 45.8)	27.0 (range: 16.6 to 34.0)	N/A
SN-GoGn (in degrees)	29.9 (range: 17.8 to 47.6)	34.1 (range: 22.1 to 51.3)	31.4 (range: 13.0 to 52.8)	41.0 (range: 30.6 to 51.2)	34.6 (range: 27.3 to 44.3)	N/A

Note. CB = closed bite; AOB = anterior open bite; ANB = A-point-Nasion-B-point; IMPA = mandibular incisor to mandibular plane angle; FMA = Frankfort-mandibular plane angle; SN-GoGn = Sella-Nasion-Gonion-Gnathion; N/A = not applicable, data not available.